振动注射成型中模腔内熔体冷却行为的研究

研究了振动注射成型过程中模腔内聚合物熔体的冷却行为,讨论了振动频率、振动应变振幅、振动作用时间、熔体温度等对冷却时间的影响。结果表明,冷却时间随着振动频率、振动应变振幅、振动作用时间、熔体温度等的增加而延长。

高强钢热成形模具局部脱空冷却行为

采用有限元与实验相结合的方法,对热冲压分区冷却保压淬火过程中的温降行为进行了研究,采用仿真软件建立了局部脱空模具热冲压有限元模型,开展了不同参数下局部软化区域的温降行为研究,通过局部脱空模具保压淬火实验,验证了通过局部脱空模具实现零件局部软化的可行性。结果表明,局部脱空模具保压淬火过程中,脱空位置处板料温降主要靠与相邻区域的热传导实现,模具孔径和模具温度对脱空位置板料温降影响较大,板料-模具接触换热系数和间隙换热系数对脱空位置板料温降影响较小,通过控制模具脱空孔径和保压淬火时间可以有效抑制马氏体相变,进而实现零件局部软化。

Sn-Pb合金颗粒异质成核及其冷却凝固行为预测

采用均匀颗粒成型法 (UniformDropletSpray ,UDS)在氮气氛下 (氧含量为 1.3 6μmol/L)制备了 15 0和 185μmSn 5 %Pb合金颗粒 .采用光学显微镜观测颗粒的外观形貌 ,结果表明 ,UDS方法制备的微粒是粒度均匀的球状颗粒 ;利用非绝热容量法确定了颗粒的形核点及过冷度 ;计算了以时间和温度为函数的颗粒表面被氧化的比例 ,提出了以颗粒表面氧化为催化媒质的异质成核理论模型 ,合理反映了颗粒的异质成核过程 .在此基础上计算了微粒表面异质形核条件下的连续冷却转变 (ContinuousCoolingTransformation ,CCT)曲线 ,同时以线性冷却条件为例预测了颗粒的冷却凝固行为 .

4Cr3Mn1Mo2V新型热作模具钢的连续冷却转变行为

通过热膨胀仪测定了4Cr3Mn1Mo2V钢不同冷却速率下的热膨胀曲线,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度计,得到该钢的相变点和奥氏体连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,利用局部平衡配分模型分析了锰元素对该钢连续冷却转变行为的影响。结果表明:4Cr3Mn1Mo2V钢加热时珠光体向奥氏体转变的开始温度Ac1、加热时二次渗碳体全部溶入奥氏体的终了温度Accm、马氏体转变开始温度Ms分别为806,870,300℃;随着冷却速率的降低,组织由马氏体转变为贝氏体,同时钢的硬度降低;贝氏体转变临界冷却速率为02.℃·s^(-1);CCT曲线中只存在马氏体和贝氏体转变区,这与锰元素会影响碳原子的扩散有关。

600MPa级热轧双相钢的动态连续冷却转变行为及其热轧卷取工艺的优化

在传统600 MPa级双相钢成分的基础上,通过适当降低铬、钼元素的含量,设计了中温卷取型热轧双相钢的化学成分,采用热模拟试验研究了试验钢的动态连续冷却转变行为;根据热模拟结果对热轧卷取工艺进行优化,并进行现场工业试制,研究了优化前后的显微组织和性能。结果表明:当冷却速率大于15℃·s-1时,试验钢显微组织主要由贝氏体、马氏体和少量铁素体组成,且随着冷却速率的增大,贝氏体由粒状变为板条状,马氏体含量增加;采用优化的中温卷取全程密集冷却工艺生产的热轧双相钢较优化前的晶粒更细小,马氏体含量更高;采用优化工艺生产的热轧双相钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度均高于优化前的,断后伸长率和扩孔率均低于优化前的,但仍满足标准要求,说明试制的热轧双相钢具有良好的综合力学性能。

Nb元素对含Ti低碳微合金钢连续冷却转变及析出行为的影响

采用热模拟试验机研究了Nb元素对含Ti低碳微合金钢的动态连续冷却转变行为的影响,利用OM和TEM对等温淬火工艺处理后实验钢的显微组织和析出行为进行观察和分析。结果表明:Nb元素使得含Ti低碳微合金钢的动态CCT曲线整体向右下方移动,大大减小了先共析铁素体和珠光体相变区,同时扩大了针状铁素体和贝氏体相变区,在较低冷速时能得到较多的针状铁素体;含Nb-Ti和含Ti两种实验钢经等温淬火工艺处理后的显微组织均由铁素体和马氏体两相组成,铁素体相中析出物平均尺寸分别为6.8、4.2nm,利用Orowan机制对析出强化量进行计算得出析出强化量分别为90.6、142.3 MPa。

Influence of cooling rate on solidification behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy

The effect of the cooling rate ranging from 1.4 °C/s to 3.5 °C/s on the solidification behavior of the sand-cast Mg?10Gd?3Y?0.4Zr alloy was studied by computer aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA). With the increase in cooling rate, the nucleation temperature (Tα,N) increases from 634.8 °C to 636.3 °C, the minimum temperature (Tα,Min) decreases from 631.9 °C to 630.7 °C, the nucleation undercooling (ΔTN) increases from 2.9 °C to 5.6 °C, the beginning temperature of the eutectic reaction (Teut,N) increases, the time of the eutectic reaction shortens, solidus temperature decreases from 546.0 °C to 541.4 °C, and solidification temperature range (ΔTS) increases by 6.1 °C. The increased nucleation rate (N&) is supposed to be the main reason for the increased?TN. Increased value (Teut,N?Teut,G) and shortened time of the eutectic reaction cause the change in the volume fraction and morphology of the second phase.

Transformation mechanism and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium

In order to establish the rolling process parameters of grade-2 commercially pure titanium （CP-Ti）, it is necessary to understand the transformation mechanism and mechanical properties of this material. The β→α transformation kinetics of the grade-2 CP-Ti during continuous cooling was measured and its hot compression behavior was investigated using Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator. Dynamic CCT diagram confirms that cooling rate has an obvious effect on the start and finishing transformation and microstructures at room temperature. The critical cooling rate for γ-phase transforms to a phase is about 15℃/s. When the cooling rate is higher than 15 ℃/s, some β phases with fine granular shape remain residually into plate-like structure. The plate-like a phase forms at cooling rate lower than 2 ℃/s, serrate a phase forms at medium cooling rates, about 5-15℃/s. The flow stress behavior of grade-2 CP-Ti was investigated in a temperature range of 700-900℃ and strain rate of 3.6-40 mm/min. The results show that dynamic recrystallization, dynamic recovery and work-hardening obviously occur during hot deformation. Constitutive equation of grade-2 CP-Ti was established by analyzing the relationship of the deformation temperature, strain rate, deformation degree and deformation resistance.

Numerical simulation of heat transfer and flow of cooling air in triangular wavy fin channels

Numerical computation models of air cooling heat transfer and flow behaviors in triangular wavy fin channels(TWFC) were established with structural parameters of fins considered.The air side properties of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are displayed with variable structural parameters of fins and inlet velocities of cooling air.Within the range of simulation,TWFC has the best comprehensive performance when inlet velocity vin=4-10 m/s.Compared with those of straight fins,the simulation results reveal that the triangular wavy fin channels are of higher heat transfer performances especially with the fin structural parameters of fin-height Fh=9.0 mm,fin-pitch Fp=2.5-3.0 mm,fin-wavelength λ=14.0-17.5 mm and fin-wave-amplitude A=1.0-1.2 mm.The correlations of both heat transfer factor and friction factor are presented,and the deviations from the experimental measurements are within 20%.

合金元素对反应堆压力容器用低合金钢的影响

选择三种反应堆压力容器用低合金钢,考察主要合金元素C、Cr、Ni等和微合金化元素Ti、B等在一定范围内对材料连续冷却过程中相变及淬硬性的影响。结果显示,增加主合金元素和添加微合金化元素可以改变材料在连续冷却过程中的相变行为,显著提高合金的淬透性和淬硬性。

Imaging protein crystal growth behaviour in batch cooling crystallisation

The temporal and spatial growth behaviour of protein crystals, subject to different cooling strategies in protein crystallisation was investigated. Although the impact of temperature and cooling rate on crystal growth of small molecules was well documented, much less has been reported on their impact on the crystallisation of proteins. In this paper, an experimental set-up is configured to carry out such a study which involves an automatic temperature controlled hot-stage crystalliser fitted with a real-time imaging system. Linbro parallel crystallisation experiments(24-well plate) were also conducted to find the suitable initial conditions to be used in the hot-stage crystallisation experiments, including the initial concentration of HEW lysozyme solutions, precipitate concentration and pH value. It was observed that fast cooling rates at the early stage led to precipitates while slow cooling rates produced crystal nuclei, and very slow cooling rates, much smaller than for small molecules are critical to the growth of the nuclei and the crystals to a desired shape. The interesting results provide valuable insight as well as experimental proof of the feasibility and effectiveness of cooling as a means for achieving controlled protein crystallisation, compared with the evaporation approach which was widely used to grow single large crystals for X-ray diffraction study. Since cooling rate control can be easily achieved and has good repeatability, it suggests that large-scale production of protein crystals can be effectively achieved by manipulating cooling rates.

Effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates of slab continuous casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model of slab continuous casting mold was conducted to clarify the effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates. The results show that temperature distribution of hot surface is mainly governed by cooling structure and heat-transfer conditions. For hot surface centricity, maximum surface temperature promotions are 30 ℃and 15 ℃ with thickness increments of copper plates of 5 mm and nickel layers of 1 ram, respectively. The surface temperature without nickel layers is depressed by 10 ℃ when the depth increment of water slots is 2 mm and that with nickel layers adjacent to and away from mold outlet is depressed by 7℃ and 5 ℃, respectively. The specific trend of temperature distribution of transverse sections of copper plates is nearly free of cooling structure, but temperature is changed and its law is similar to the corresponding surface temperature.

Influence of Cooling Systems on the Behaviour of Dairy Cows Housed in Cubicle Barn

The aim of this paper is to collect information about dairy cow＇s behaviour connected to different environmental conditions. During summer 2009 and winter 2010 experimental trials were arranged to verify the behaviour of dairy cows in a farm located in Po Plain （Italy）. The barn was provided with an air-water cooling system, based on the use of fans and sprinklers placed only in the feeding alley. Two different trials were carried out. The first experiment was targeted on verifying the use of the cubicles by the cows in relation to the availability of the cooling system only in feeding area. The second trial aimed at testing the effectiveness of zone cooling systems placed in the front of cubicles. For this purpose three cubicles in the barn were provided with cooling systems, based on the input of high velocity conditioned air streams. The results clearly remark that the behaviour of the animals is greatly influenced by the environmental conditions. With high temperatures the use of the cubicles is deeply reduced and the animals prefer to stay in feeding area, thus benefiting from the cooling effect of water sprinkled by the showers and of the air streams created by the fans. With air temperatures increasing from 21℃ to 33 ℃ the cows reduce the staying in the cubicles, which gets down from 540 to 32% （r2 = 0.2608）. As regards the efficacy of zone cooling system in the cubicles, the results are not particularly encouraging. The cows continue to use the cubicles without changing the behaviour in relation to the presence of conditioned air flow.

Glass formation for iron-based alloys by combining kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

The glass formation was intensively studied for Fe-based alloys. Parameters defining kinetics and thermodynamic behavior of crystallization were calculated using calorimetric measurements and physical properties of constituent elements. It is found that the critical cooling rate Rc estimated by combining kinetic and thermodynamic parameters highly correlates with measured Rc found in literatures with correlation coefficient R2=0.944, and alloy compositions with high melting enthalpy AHm can easily form glass even without high undercooling and high value of the ,β-parameter of Tumbull＇s theory, revealing that the glass formation in this group of alloys is mostly controlled by growth limitation. This combination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters can be used to determine alloy composition with good glass forming ability in Fe-based alloys just using physical properties of alloying elements and calorimetric measurements.

Cooling Behavior in a Novel Heat Sink Based on Multilayer Staggered Honeycomb Structure

A novel heatsink based on a multilayer stack of thin metal plates with staggered honeycomb cell microchannels was investigated in this paper. A series of working-parametric tests such as different heat sink pipe diameter and pumping power were conducted for the microchannel cooling system to determine the heat transfer performance under small flow rate conditions. For the double fluid flow inlets and outlets heatsink design, experimental results showed that more uniform substrate temperature distribution was obtained than the single inlet and outlet ones. It showed that the heatsink design provided a good choice for electronic chips cooling applications.

Effect of austenite grain size and accelerated cooling start temperature on the transformation behaviors of multi-phase steel

The transformation behaviors and microstructures of a low carbon multi-phase steel were investigated by the simulation of deformation-relaxation-accelerated cooling processing,using a Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical simulator.A pre-treatment of solid solution at 1200°C was implemented to minimize the influence on transformation from solid solution/precipitation qualities of 0.08%Nb in this steel.On this basis,the effect of austenite grain size and accelerated cooling start temperature were studied individually.The results indicated that the transformation of ferrite in multi-phase steel could be significantly promoted by the refinement of austenite grains and the increase of relaxation time,while the hard phase,such as lath bainite or martensite,could still be obtained with the following accelerated cooling.In contrast,more uniform lower temperature transformed microstructure could form from coarse grain austenite.The potential benefit of austenite grain size on adjusting the proportion of phases in multiphase steel was also discussed.