A Comparison of Domestic and Foreign Seismic Fortification Standards for Electrical Equipment

It is of great significance to make comparative analyses of seismic fortification criteria at home and abroad for improving the anti-seismic capability of electrical equipment and revising the relevant national standards.A brief overview of American,Japanese,IEC standards and Chinese seismic design codes for electrical equipment is presented.Differences between these seismic fortification standards of electrical equipment are compared and analyzed in respect of the goal and level of seismic fortification and the seismic design spectrum.The advantages and disadvantages of Chinese standards are pointed out.Through learning from foreign experience on the determination of seismic fortification standards,recommendations are made for the improvement and revision of Chinese seismic fortification standards for electrical equipment.

论“无公认非国家行为体”的大国承认

当今世界面临严峻的分裂主义威胁。此前即已存在的俄罗斯车臣问题,近年来变得日益突出的苏格兰问题、库尔德问题、加泰罗尼亚问题等,均对地区安全与稳定产生了影响。由此衍生的一个重要问题是,如何应对这些"无公认非国家行为体"追求国际承认的诉求。截至目前,国际社会尤其是大国在承认无公认非国家行为体方面一直存在诸多争议,而且立场存在明显差异。对于这一问题,现有从国际法与国际关系学视角出发对大国为何在承认无公认非国家行为体方面立场迥异的研究成果难以充分说明这一问题产生的原因。事实上,寻求承认的行为体是否具备充分的准国家能力与大国围绕这些行为体所进行的战略考虑,是影响无公认非国家行为体能否获得大国承认的关键因素。结合大国对斯洛文尼亚与克罗地亚、科索沃、南奥塞梯的承认情况进行分析后可以发现,只有当无公认非国家行为体符合大国的战略考虑,且被承认实体的准国家能力足以维持其独立时,大国才会承认其独立地位。这一研究框架及相关结论对国际社会理解和应对无公认非国家行为体的承认问题具有一定的理论和政策启示意义。