[目的]子代窝群大小和性比是聚寄生蜂在寄主上产卵的重要决策,寄主资源量是影响该决策的主要因素之一。本研究旨在探明准社会性硬皮肿腿蜂属(Sclerodermus)的生殖策略。[方法]以管氏肿腿蜂(S.guani Xiao et Wu)为对象,以不同体质量的青...[目的]子代窝群大小和性比是聚寄生蜂在寄主上产卵的重要决策,寄主资源量是影响该决策的主要因素之一。本研究旨在探明准社会性硬皮肿腿蜂属(Sclerodermus)的生殖策略。[方法]以管氏肿腿蜂(S.guani Xiao et Wu)为对象,以不同体质量的青杨天牛(Saperda populnca L.)幼虫为寄主,人为控制窝群大小(初孵幼虫数量),设置不同水平处理,观测子代蜂的存活率、性比和体型大小,以推测最适的生殖策略。[结果]在自然窝群(大于等于50头)下,子代蜂存活至成虫期的比例随寄主体质量增大而提高;但在人为减小窝群的几个处理(10、20、30和40头)中,子代蜂发育至成虫羽化的存活率均很高,且与寄主体质量无关,4个处理之间亦没有显著差异。窝群大小不影响子代蜂性比,寄主体质量也无影响,性比均始终保持极端偏雌的比例。羽化出的成虫雌蜂体质量随子代蜂窝群增大而线性减小,而且该趋势不受寄主体质量的影响。[结论]管氏肿腿蜂可能采用“产固定性比且略大的窝群”的生殖策略。展开更多
Ethos and logos of the Jain thought and practice （world view） is based on reality perceived by senses. Atheistic roots of Jain Dharm have nourished growth, maintained viability and vitality, and kept it relevant for...Ethos and logos of the Jain thought and practice （world view） is based on reality perceived by senses. Atheistic roots of Jain Dharm have nourished growth, maintained viability and vitality, and kept it relevant for over the last five millennia. Unlike Judeo-Christian-Islam or Brahminical faith, it does not rely on omniscient supreme or god. Its atheistic and anti-theistic thrust is generally known, yet its followers do not call themselves Nastik （non-believers）. They emphasize action-consequence relations as guide for successful behaviors with ethical conduct. The basis of their arguments follows from the Jain logic （Saptbhangi Syad Nay） of evidence based inference with multiple orthogonal affirmed assertions （Jain 2011）. It conserves information by acknowledging the remaining doubt in an inference. It does not assume binary complementation to force closure for deduction with incomplete knowledge which leads to self-reference and loss of information. This approach offers a rational and practical alternative to conundrum of western atheism even though its arguments are logical and consistent with available evidence. It also obviates need to extract religious morality from social mores. Objective truth and knowledge of established generalizations is necessary but not sufficient for subjective searches to shape desires and for what the future ought to be.展开更多
文摘Ethos and logos of the Jain thought and practice （world view） is based on reality perceived by senses. Atheistic roots of Jain Dharm have nourished growth, maintained viability and vitality, and kept it relevant for over the last five millennia. Unlike Judeo-Christian-Islam or Brahminical faith, it does not rely on omniscient supreme or god. Its atheistic and anti-theistic thrust is generally known, yet its followers do not call themselves Nastik （non-believers）. They emphasize action-consequence relations as guide for successful behaviors with ethical conduct. The basis of their arguments follows from the Jain logic （Saptbhangi Syad Nay） of evidence based inference with multiple orthogonal affirmed assertions （Jain 2011）. It conserves information by acknowledging the remaining doubt in an inference. It does not assume binary complementation to force closure for deduction with incomplete knowledge which leads to self-reference and loss of information. This approach offers a rational and practical alternative to conundrum of western atheism even though its arguments are logical and consistent with available evidence. It also obviates need to extract religious morality from social mores. Objective truth and knowledge of established generalizations is necessary but not sufficient for subjective searches to shape desires and for what the future ought to be.
