经典凝固形核问题的思考

本文从热力学角度对经典凝固形核中关于晶胚、晶核的形成进行了分析 ,认为在经典凝固理论中关于晶胚、晶核形成的解释中存在与热力学基本原理相违背的方面。根据现代凝聚态物理的研究结果 ,以液态金属中存在稳定的短、中程序结构为依据 ,提出了晶胚。

静电悬浮下铌异质形核及枝晶生长

采用无容器静电悬浮实验技术,对纯度99.7%和99.95%铌材料的过冷程度和形核凝固机制进行了系统研究。通过经典形核理论分析测量和计算得到材料样品在形核和凝固过程的热物理参数和热动力学参数。实验结果统计分析表明:铌样品的最大过冷度为455.7 K,临界过冷度约为739 K。系统分析并计算得到铌样品最大概率形核过冷度、指前系数、成核活化能、固液界面自由能和关键晶核尺寸。样品的枝晶生长速度与过冷度呈幂函数关系,在过冷度454 K时,枝晶生长速度达到42.1 m/s。考虑非等温条件下界面能的各向异性对自由枝晶生长的影响,理论预测结果与实验获得实验结果一致。

目标分类学视角下晶体凝固实验的改进

晶体凝固实验由于材料选择困难、放热现象难以观察和易发生过冷现象等,导致较少开展。利用目标分类学对晶体凝固教学目标进行再分析,明确实验的必要性,根据课堂教学时间选择海波进行凝固实验,通过加凝固核和搅拌两种方法预防海波过冷,得到稳定进行凝固实验的方法,并利用过冷现象解释凝固放热,突破了晶体凝固教学的难点。

Migration behavior of solidification nuclei in pure Al melt under effect of electric current pulse

A mathematical model considering free nuclei was developed to reveal the migration behavior of the free nuclei. Numerical simulation results show that most of the nuclei on the top surface of the melt move downwards and distribute randomly inside the Al melt, which induces more nucleation sites resulting in grain refinement. At the same time, the effect of nuclei size on the nuclei distribution and refinement employing electric current pulse （ECP） was also investigated. The smaller nuclei migrate a short distance with the Al melt at lower speed. But for the larger nuclei, the migration downwards with higher speed benefits the refinement of interior grains of the melt. The research results help to better understand the refinement process and provide a more reasonable explanation of the grain refinement mechanism using ECP.

Comparison of dendrite and dispersive structure in rapidly solidified Cu-Co immiscible alloy with different heat flow modes

Rapid solidification of Cu-Co immiscible alloy was investigated by glass-fluxing, spray casting and melt-spinning techniques. Both the transition from dendrite to dispersive structure and corresponding scale evolution were revealed and further elucidated in terms of the heat flow mode, nucleation and growth processes under different solidification conditions. With the increase of undercooling, columnar dendrite is replaced by dispersive structure due to the immiscible effect. In contrast, equiaxed dendrite forms in spray cast alloy due to multiple nucleation events and becomes thinner for the case of higher cooling rate. Ascribed to the enhanced non-equilibrium effect and insufficient period for collision and coagulation processes between separated droplets, fine globular dispersion appears upon the diameter of spray casting reaching 4 mm. As for the melt-spun ribbon with the highest cooling rate, a single-phase solid solution microstructure with refined grain of cellular morphology can be obtained, which is attributed to the suppression of liquid phase separation by instant solidification.

Devitrification behaviour of rapidly solidified Al_87Ni_7Cu_3Nd_3 amorphous alloy prepared by melt spinning method

Rapidly solidified Al87Ni7Cu3Nd3 amorphous alloy was prepared by using melt spinning. Its calorimetric behavior was characterized by using differential scanning calorimeter in a continuous or isothermal heating mode. phase transformation was investigated, with a special interest in primary crystallization, by using an in-situ examination of X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The results show that, the whole devitrification of rapidly solidified Al87NiyCu3Nd3 amorphous alloy involves two main processes of primary crystallization and secondary crystallization that consist mainly of two reactions. For primary crystallization, the apparent activation energies, EIso and EKis and growth activation energies Eg are about 153, 166 and 288 kJ/mol, respectively. The interdiffusion of Al atoms is a rate-controlled step of formation of the a（Al） particles, but slow diffusion of Ni and Nd atoms plays a significant role in retarding growth of the α （Al） particles. For secondary crystallization, EIso, EKis and Eg of the first reaction are about 291,208 and 290 kJ/mol, and those of the second reaction are about 367, 269 and 372 kJ/mol. The two reactions of secondary crystallization are controlled mainly in an interface-controlled three-dimensional mode, depending mainly on slow diffusion of Ni and Nd atoms.

Phase field simulation of solidification under supergravity

In order to understand the influence of supergravity on the microstructure of materials,crystal nucleation,dendritic growth,and polycrystal solidification under supergravity are investigated by using the modified nucleation theory and phase field models.Firstly,supergravity is considered in the nucleation theory by using pressure-dependent Gibbs free energy.It is found that the critical radius decreases and the nucleation rate increases when supergravity rises.Secondly,anisotropic heat transport is proposed in the phase field model to investigate the influence of supergravity on dendritic growth.Phase field simulations show that supergravity promotes the secondary dendritic growth in the direction parallel to supergravity.Finally,a multiply phase field model with pressure-dependent interfacial energy is employed to simulate the polycrystalline solidification under supergravity.Due to the depth-dependent pressure by supergravity,crystal grains are significantly refined by high pressure.In addition,gradient distribution of grain size is obtained in the solidification morphology of polycrystalline,which is consistent with previous experimental observations.Results of this work suggest that supergravity can be used to tune the microstructures and properties of materials.