王维出塞诗与吐蕃事略

王维是盛唐著名诗人,崇信佛教,晚年居于蓝田辋川别墅,留诗有400多首。文章以唐玄宗二十五(737)年王维奉诏出塞巡边时所作"出塞作"、"使至塞上"等诗为例,对当时唐朝与吐蕃的和战关系进行了分析。

Spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on regional economic growth

Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.

曹禺与现代主义

本文探讨了曹禺作品与现代主义的关系。曹禺作品中表现的对人生的困惑和命运的恐惧 ,与现代主义文学中表现人生的迷惘、宇宙的神秘、生命的冲动及对理性的质疑是一致的。

Ageing process of pre-precipitation phase in Ni_(0.75)Al_(0.05)Fe_(0.2) alloy based on phase field method

By utilizing phase field method combined with analysis on free energy and interatomic potentials, pre-precipitation phase formation and transformation process of Ni0.75Al0.05Fe0.2 alloy in early precipitation stage during the ageing process under 1 000 K were studied. And free energy, microstructures, compositions and volume fractions of pre-precipitation phase and equilibrium phase were analyzed. The simulation results indicate that nonstoichiometric Llo pre-precipitation phase formed first, and then would gradually transform into L12 equilibrium phase. It is discovered that the phase transformation process was closely related to free energy and interatomic potentials. Additionally, it is revealed that free energy of Llo pre-precipitation phase was higher and interatomic potential was smaller than that of L12 equilibrium phase. Therefore, it is concluded that Llo phase was unstable, and phase transformation would occur to L12 which was more stable.

Downlink cooperative beamforming for MIMO cellular systems

In downlink cellular multiple users in multiple cells systems using beams, the should cooperate to generate beams to improve the spectrum efficiency. A mathematical model for the multi-cell multi-user downlink transmission is established, and the gradients of the variables including beamfonning filters, receiving filters and transmitting power are calculated. Then, a gradient-project-based cooperative beamforming scheme is proposed in which each user iteratively adjusts bearnforming variables in the direction of the gradients and projects onto feasible spaces. The information exchange protocol needed to support the scheme is also described. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve an average spectral efficiency of about 5 bit/（ s · Hz · cell）. The results show that cooperative beamforming can improve the spectrum efficiency of the cellular systems.

The Enlightment on Task-based Teaching Derived from Input Hypothesis

Aiming at gradually developing and perfecting the task-based teaching method, the essay, with enlightment from the Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, discusses some issues about input, output, activities and teacher＇s role in this method.

Instruction of Nominalization by Applying Enabling of POA

It is noticeable that the academic papers written by Chinese English learners are lacking in academic features largely due to their poor ability to use nominalization.Therefore,the instruction of nominalization in an academic English writing course is badly needed.The author conducted onesemester-long instruction of nominalization to 90 non-English majors under the guidance of the production-oriented approach(POA).This research demonstrated how to apply POA,specifically,the enabling procedure to the teaching of nominalization.By triangulating the data of students’interviews,learning journals and written output,and the data of 4 teachers’class observations and interviews,this study found that the accurate application of the three criteria of effective enabling contributed to the improvement of the quantity and quality of nominalization in academic writing.

Effects of the Production-Oriented Approach on EFL Learners’Writing Performance in China’s Tertiary Education

The Production-Oriented Approach(POA)has been proposed as a remedy for overcoming the problem of input-output separation in the traditional text-centered teaching and learning paradigm in tertiary education in China.This two-week quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of the POA,compared with the traditional text-centered Intensive Reading Approach(IRA),on college students’L2 writing performance in terms of overall quality of the writing and its components of language,idea,and discourse structure.Data included writing samples of both experimental and control groups before and after classroom instruction and the results of a language achievement test on mastery of target language forms predicating students’language use in writing.The results showed that:1)no significant difference was found between the two groups either in the overall quality or in the“idea”and“structure”of the written texts;2)the experimental group outperformed the control group with respect to language use,in terms of both language quality and the frequency of target language use.These results indicated that the POA might have an advantage over the IRA in facilitating learners’writing development.

How relevant are engineering samples in the management of personal dust exposure?

A directive, legislated by the South African Department of Minerals and Energy(DME) in 1997, was introduced to reduce the dust exposures of continuous miner(CM) operators to below 5 mg/m3, when measured at the operator's cab position. The focus of this paper is to review the effectiveness of observing this rule for almost two decades and discuss industry perceptions arising from the application of this rule. The results have demonstrated that the engineering sample cannot predict the personal shift dust exposure of a CM operator. Therefore, it is recommended that the engineering sampling, as currently practiced,should be reviewed with the objective to discontinue and replace it by the approved PDM3700 realtime dust monitor.

Optimizing Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment in the Production-Oriented Approach:A Dialectical Research

Teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)aims to address the challenges of responding to students’work in the Production-Oriented Approach:low efficiency and poor effectiveness.As part of a bigger project carried out in a Chinese university over a period of three years,the present study explored how the teacher prepared and implemented TSCA in class,especially with a focus on how she determined the assessing objective and worked collaboratively with her students in class to achieve it,using the students’written and translated texts as examples.By adopting the dialectical research(DR)method,this paper collected qualitative data such as teaching plans,classroom recordings,and reflective journals of the teacher-researcher(the author),along with students’written drafts and translated texts.TSCA theory and classroom practice have been refined simultaneously by means of putting theory into practice and reflecting upon it.The optimized pre-class and in-class procedures may shed some light on applying TSCA to L2 classrooms.

Endocytosis unplugged： multiple ways to enter the cell

Endocytosis occurs at the cell surface and involves internalization of the plasma membrane （PM） along with its constituent membrane proteins and lipids. Endocytosis is involved in sampling of the extracellular milieu and also serves to regulate various processes initiated at the cell surface. These include nutrient uptake, signaling from cell- surface receptors, and many other processes essential for cell and tissue functioning in metazoans. It is also central to the maintenance of PM lipid and protein homeostasis. There are multiple means of internalization that operate concurrently, at the cell surface. With advancement in high-resolution visualization techniques, it is now possible to track multiple endocytic cargo at the same time, revealing a remarkable diversity of endocytic processes in a single cell. A combination of live cell imaging and efficient genetic manipulations has also aided in understanding the functional hierarchy of molecular players in these mechanisms of internalization. Here we provide an account of various endocytic routes, their mechanisms of operation and occurrence across phyla.

“肾者,作强之官,伎巧出焉”功能及意象之管见

“肾者,作强之官,伎巧出焉”是《黄帝内经》在取“天下”之象比类人体、取“十二官”之象比类脏腑的基础上,根据肾的生理地位塑造的肾的功能和意象的概述。在意象上,肾为天一之水,其“作强”指代生命之源的滋养作用,“伎巧”意为水的调控与气化作用。在功能上,肾为元精产生之处,生命之始、繁殖之源,并以其所藏元精为基础作身体之强;以“作强”塑形为基础,肾之“伎巧”为司“百工之技”而完成各种生命活动,并滋养人体脏腑官窍,使人体生命强盛,动作灵活,灵机多变。肾之功能与水之意象形意相合,表明肾在人体内及在“天下”中的功能地位,肾水“作强”,能出“伎巧”,则人能健康安和,繁衍不息;国能繁荣昌盛,“天下大昌”。

Agricultural market policy reforms and growth in Nigerian export crops

The paper investigated the prospect of selected export crops in meeting the demand of emerging commodity and futures market in Nigeria within the context of a counterfactual model, The data covered about three decades （1973-2000）. The model was estimated to capture two economic policies in the period namely stabilization （1973-1985） before introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme （SAP） and liberalization policy （1986-2005） that followed SAP The results indicated positive divergence between factual and counterfactual trends for palm kernel, cocoa, coffee and rubber but neuative for groundnut after SAP

Protective effect of Astragalus membranaceus on intestinal mucosa reperfusion injury after hemorrhagic shock in rats

AIM： To study the protective effect of Astragalus rnernbranaceus on intestinal mucosa reperfusion injury and its mechanism after hemorrhagic shock in rats. METHODS： A total of 32 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups （n = 8, each group）： normal group, model group, low dosage group （treated with 10 g/kg Astragalus membranaceus） and high dosage group （treated with 20 g/kg Astragalus membranaceus）. The model of hemorrhagic shock for 60 min and reperfusion for 90 min was established. Therapeutic solution （3 mL） was administrated before reperfusion. At the end of the study, the observed intestinal pathology was analyzed. The blood concentrations of lactic acid （LD）, nitric oxide （NO）, endothelin-1 （ET-1）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） in intestinal mucosa were determined. RESULTS： The intestinal mucosa pathology showed severe damage in model group and low dosage group, slight damage in high dosage group and no obvious damage in normal group. The Chiu＇s score in low dose group and high dose group was significantly lower than that in model group. The content of MDA in model group was higher than that in low and high dose groups, while that in high dose group was almost the same as in normal group. The activity of SOD and GSH-PX was the lowest in model group and significantly higher in high dose group than in normal and low dose groups. The concentrations of LD and ET-1 in model group were the highest. The concentrations of NO in model group and low dose group were significantly lower than those in high dose group and normal group. CONCLUSION： High dose Astraga/us membranaeus has much better protective effect on hemorrhagic shockreperfusion injury of intestinal mucosa than low dose Astragalus membranaceus. The mechanism may be that Astragalus membranaceus can improve antioxidative effect and regulate NO/ET level during hemorrhagic reperfusion.

Analysis of Spillover Effect in Cooperative Knowledge Innovation

The paper supposes knowledge innovation as process innovation, revises AJ model and makes Oligopolistic Markets Model of two stages. It compares profit and social welfare between firms in the condition of cooperation and non-cooperation. It draws the conclusion that cooperative knowledge innovation can get much more benefit because of spillover effect of knowledge.

Improve Diction in Writing Through Reading

Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, Swain＇s Output Hypothesis, and Schmidt＇s Noticing Hypothesis are the important theories related to SLA （Second Language Acquisition）. A model based on the three is established in the present paper and used to guide students＇ writing. Some specific task types are designed to help learners know how to use words correctly and appropriately in context and thus improve their overall word use in writing. The conclusion is drawn that through conscious reading （the so-called input） and conscious imitate use of the words and expressions in the reading （the so-called output）, learners will improve the diction in writing.

出塞作

居延①城外猎天骄②，白草③连天野火烧。暮云空碛④时驱马，秋日平原好射雕。护羌校尉⑤朝乘障⑥，破虏将军夜渡辽⑦。玉靶角弓⑧珠勒马⑨，汉家将赐霍嫖姚⑩。

On the prospects of the Quality Education under the Education and Management of Higher VocationalSchools

Authors of papers to proceedings have to type these in a form suitable for direct photographic reproduction by the publisher. In order to ensure uniform style throughout the volume, all the papers have to be prepared strictly according to the instructions set below. A laser printer should be used to print the text. The publisher will reduce the camera-ready copy to 75% and print it in black only. For the convenience of the authors template files for MS Word 6.0 （and higher） are provided.

出糗作文之童趣篇

1．我小的时候写日记，老师规定要200字以上，当时4人一组，有小组长检查字数，我同组的一位仁兄写道：“今天妈妈让我出去买菜，我问多少钱一斤，卖菜的说5分，我说：真便宜呀真便宜，真便宜呀真便宜……”组长数了数还差4个字，于是仁兄又在后面加了一句：“真便宜呀。”

找准切入点 化繁为简

在考试（尤其是高考）中,既无资料可以查阅,也不可交流讨论,更无老师提示,加之时间有限,这些都成为考生解答诗歌鉴赏题的重重障碍。那么该如何突破这道障碍尽快入题呢？笔者根据多年的经验,结合考生临考的心理状态总结介绍几种方法。一、连缀组合,化繁为简无论何种类型的诗词,其主题内容应该是确定的,但又分散于作品的字里行间。