Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to...Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.展开更多
“Exit barrier” means the obstacle keeping enterprises from competing even though their profits may be negative. This paper presents quantitative research on the exit barrier’s effect on the Chinese construction ind...“Exit barrier” means the obstacle keeping enterprises from competing even though their profits may be negative. This paper presents quantitative research on the exit barrier’s effect on the Chinese construction industry using questionnaire investigation. The exit barrier was classified into six categories, and then the categories were ranked and analyzed according to the respondents from the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non state-owned enterprises (NSOEs), respectively. The main obstacles related to the exit barrier in SOEs and NSOEs were revealed. Finally, suggestions were provided to diminish the exit barrier effect on the construction industry.展开更多
A chip-level space-time equalization receiver scheme is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output high-speed downlink packet access (MIMO HSDPA) systems to jointly combat the co-channel interference and the inter-co...A chip-level space-time equalization receiver scheme is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output high-speed downlink packet access (MIMO HSDPA) systems to jointly combat the co-channel interference and the inter-code interference. A fractional sample equalizer is also derived to further improve the performance of the receiver. Performance analysis and the calculation of the output signal to interference ratio (SINR) at each receiver antenna are presented to help direct the design of equalization weight in a more optimal manner. System simulations demonstrate the significant performance gain over conventional Rake receiver and high potential of MIMO HSDPA for high-data-rate packet transmission.展开更多
This paper presents an ex-ante assessment of the potential implications of the 2011 Human Rights Watch Report on the South African fruit industry. The report explicitly mentions the lack of compliance with ethical cod...This paper presents an ex-ante assessment of the potential implications of the 2011 Human Rights Watch Report on the South African fruit industry. The report explicitly mentions the lack of compliance with ethical codes within the fruit industry, the prevalence of exploitative conditions for farm workers and diverse human rights abuses in farms. The report recommends import ban on culprits as well as engaging third party auditing to ensure compliance. The high vulnerability of the smallholder farmers justified the special interest in the implications on their reputation and hence their ability to access profitable export markets. Although large-scale commercial farmers are potentially at risk of reputational damage due to the Human Rights Watch Report, they are better able to cope owing to their stronger capital base. The opinions of knowledgeable industry insiders were therefore elicited through qualitative research that used a five-point Likert scale to assess perceptions about market access. On the basis of the results, it is probable that the report will lead to improved working conditions for farm workers, improved concern for consumers＇ health, and enforcement of legislation by the govemment. The negative implications involve increased competition, possibility of retailers＇ rationalising their supply base and increased evaluation that ends at the farm gate. There is also high probability of increased marginalisation of the already disadvantaged smallholder suppliers, and possible increase in costs of auditing and accreditation for the entire fruit industry. Thus, active collaboration among all stakeholders to ensure the competitiveness of the fruit industry is inevitable.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the sparse inverse covariance matrixfor longitudinal data with informative dropouts. Based on the modified Cholesky decomposition,the sparse inverse covariance matrix ...This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the sparse inverse covariance matrixfor longitudinal data with informative dropouts. Based on the modified Cholesky decomposition,the sparse inverse covariance matrix is modelled by the autoregressive regression model,which guarantees the positive definiteness of the covariance matrix. To account for the informativedropouts, we then propose a penalized estimating equation method using the inverse probabilityweighting approach. The informative dropout propensity parameters are estimated by the generalizedmethod of moments. The asymptotic properties are investigated for the resulting estimators.Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through Monte Carlosimulations and a practical application.展开更多
That Chinese stock investors trade shares on rumors of corporate restructuring and government incentives is old hat. But the country＇s securities market now sports a new tag, as funds from both institutions and indiv...That Chinese stock investors trade shares on rumors of corporate restructuring and government incentives is old hat. But the country＇s securities market now sports a new tag, as funds from both institutions and individuals gravitate to the latest darling： warrants. Since December 5, daily trading value on warrants has been exceeding listed shares. On that day, turnover on three warrants were valued at 7.3 billion yuan （US$913 million）, compared with 5 billion yuan （US$625 million） on more than 1,400 stocks traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Investors were carried away as the warrants of Baoshan Iron ＆ Steel Co, the first publicly trade company to issue the derivative after a nine-year ban, surged 47 percent in one day.展开更多
Making use of the DEA nonparametric method and the limited Tobit model, this article estimates the relative efficiency of Chinese provincial governments＇ fiscal expenditure following financial decentralization reform...Making use of the DEA nonparametric method and the limited Tobit model, this article estimates the relative efficiency of Chinese provincial governments＇ fiscal expenditure following financial decentralization reform, and explains the factors that influence the changing pattern of such expenditure efficiency.展开更多
Since 2010, the export restraints of rare earth in China have been of great concern in the world. On March 13, 2012, the United States（U. S. ） , the European Union（EU） and Japan requested consultations with China ...Since 2010, the export restraints of rare earth in China have been of great concern in the world. On March 13, 2012, the United States（U. S. ） , the European Union（EU） and Japan requested consultations with China with respect to China＇s export restraints of rare earth, tungsten and molybdenum （＂ Rare Earth Case＂）. Although the export restraints of rare earth are similar in essence to the disputed measures related to the export restraints on various raw materials in 2009, namely the competition between China and other WTO members, the specific forms of restraints have been developed. Combining to the WTO n.des and latest dispute setdements, this paper makes an in-depth study of the dispute triggered by rare earth and tries to propose some countermeasures in attempt to provide resolution for the Rare Earth Case and safeguard legitimate interests of China.展开更多
The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue...The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.展开更多
At least 1,065 introduced vertebrate species have been introduced in the United States and its territories, including at least 86 mammalian, 127 avian, 179 reptilian/amphibian, and 673 fish species. Examples in each m...At least 1,065 introduced vertebrate species have been introduced in the United States and its territories, including at least 86 mammalian, 127 avian, 179 reptilian/amphibian, and 673 fish species. Examples in each major taxonomic group include domestic cat, small Indian mongoose, red fox, goat, pig, rabbit, rats, house mouse, gray squirrel, nutria, starling, Indian common myna, red-vented bulbul, brown treesnake, red-eared slider, brown trout, tilapia, and grass carp. We briefly review some of these species and the types of damage they cause. We then review the basic types of methods used for control or eradication of each taxonomic group, including physical, chemical, biological, and cultural methods. We discuss some of the challenges in managing these species, including issues with the use of toxicants, land access, public attitudes, and monitoring difficulties. Finally, we list some ongoing research and future research needs, including improved detection methods, improved attractants, improved barriers, improved capture methods, fertility control, and risk assessment methods [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 559-567, 2011].展开更多
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11 th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in China(No.NCET-05-0529)
文摘Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.
文摘“Exit barrier” means the obstacle keeping enterprises from competing even though their profits may be negative. This paper presents quantitative research on the exit barrier’s effect on the Chinese construction industry using questionnaire investigation. The exit barrier was classified into six categories, and then the categories were ranked and analyzed according to the respondents from the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non state-owned enterprises (NSOEs), respectively. The main obstacles related to the exit barrier in SOEs and NSOEs were revealed. Finally, suggestions were provided to diminish the exit barrier effect on the construction industry.
文摘A chip-level space-time equalization receiver scheme is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output high-speed downlink packet access (MIMO HSDPA) systems to jointly combat the co-channel interference and the inter-code interference. A fractional sample equalizer is also derived to further improve the performance of the receiver. Performance analysis and the calculation of the output signal to interference ratio (SINR) at each receiver antenna are presented to help direct the design of equalization weight in a more optimal manner. System simulations demonstrate the significant performance gain over conventional Rake receiver and high potential of MIMO HSDPA for high-data-rate packet transmission.
文摘This paper presents an ex-ante assessment of the potential implications of the 2011 Human Rights Watch Report on the South African fruit industry. The report explicitly mentions the lack of compliance with ethical codes within the fruit industry, the prevalence of exploitative conditions for farm workers and diverse human rights abuses in farms. The report recommends import ban on culprits as well as engaging third party auditing to ensure compliance. The high vulnerability of the smallholder farmers justified the special interest in the implications on their reputation and hence their ability to access profitable export markets. Although large-scale commercial farmers are potentially at risk of reputational damage due to the Human Rights Watch Report, they are better able to cope owing to their stronger capital base. The opinions of knowledgeable industry insiders were therefore elicited through qualitative research that used a five-point Likert scale to assess perceptions about market access. On the basis of the results, it is probable that the report will lead to improved working conditions for farm workers, improved concern for consumers＇ health, and enforcement of legislation by the govemment. The negative implications involve increased competition, possibility of retailers＇ rationalising their supply base and increased evaluation that ends at the farm gate. There is also high probability of increased marginalisation of the already disadvantaged smallholder suppliers, and possible increase in costs of auditing and accreditation for the entire fruit industry. Thus, active collaboration among all stakeholders to ensure the competitiveness of the fruit industry is inevitable.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12171450).
文摘This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the sparse inverse covariance matrixfor longitudinal data with informative dropouts. Based on the modified Cholesky decomposition,the sparse inverse covariance matrix is modelled by the autoregressive regression model,which guarantees the positive definiteness of the covariance matrix. To account for the informativedropouts, we then propose a penalized estimating equation method using the inverse probabilityweighting approach. The informative dropout propensity parameters are estimated by the generalizedmethod of moments. The asymptotic properties are investigated for the resulting estimators.Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through Monte Carlosimulations and a practical application.
文摘That Chinese stock investors trade shares on rumors of corporate restructuring and government incentives is old hat. But the country＇s securities market now sports a new tag, as funds from both institutions and individuals gravitate to the latest darling： warrants. Since December 5, daily trading value on warrants has been exceeding listed shares. On that day, turnover on three warrants were valued at 7.3 billion yuan （US$913 million）, compared with 5 billion yuan （US$625 million） on more than 1,400 stocks traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Investors were carried away as the warrants of Baoshan Iron ＆ Steel Co, the first publicly trade company to issue the derivative after a nine-year ban, surged 47 percent in one day.
文摘Making use of the DEA nonparametric method and the limited Tobit model, this article estimates the relative efficiency of Chinese provincial governments＇ fiscal expenditure following financial decentralization reform, and explains the factors that influence the changing pattern of such expenditure efficiency.
文摘Since 2010, the export restraints of rare earth in China have been of great concern in the world. On March 13, 2012, the United States（U. S. ） , the European Union（EU） and Japan requested consultations with China with respect to China＇s export restraints of rare earth, tungsten and molybdenum （＂ Rare Earth Case＂）. Although the export restraints of rare earth are similar in essence to the disputed measures related to the export restraints on various raw materials in 2009, namely the competition between China and other WTO members, the specific forms of restraints have been developed. Combining to the WTO n.des and latest dispute setdements, this paper makes an in-depth study of the dispute triggered by rare earth and tries to propose some countermeasures in attempt to provide resolution for the Rare Earth Case and safeguard legitimate interests of China.
文摘The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.
文摘At least 1,065 introduced vertebrate species have been introduced in the United States and its territories, including at least 86 mammalian, 127 avian, 179 reptilian/amphibian, and 673 fish species. Examples in each major taxonomic group include domestic cat, small Indian mongoose, red fox, goat, pig, rabbit, rats, house mouse, gray squirrel, nutria, starling, Indian common myna, red-vented bulbul, brown treesnake, red-eared slider, brown trout, tilapia, and grass carp. We briefly review some of these species and the types of damage they cause. We then review the basic types of methods used for control or eradication of each taxonomic group, including physical, chemical, biological, and cultural methods. We discuss some of the challenges in managing these species, including issues with the use of toxicants, land access, public attitudes, and monitoring difficulties. Finally, we list some ongoing research and future research needs, including improved detection methods, improved attractants, improved barriers, improved capture methods, fertility control, and risk assessment methods [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 559-567, 2011].
