水库防洪优化调度的恒定出流模型及应用

现行水库洪水优化调度数学模型存在泄流闸门开度不断调整及时段间流量突变的问题。针对这些问题,将水库防洪优化调度数学模型分为时段内出库流量线性变化的瞬时出流模型和时段内出流不变的恒定出流模型。对于1个水库和1个防洪控制点所组成的基本防洪系统,应用矩形入流条件的河道洪水演进方法,以时段内恒定的出库流量为决策变量,构建水库防洪优化补偿调度数学模型。实例计算结果表明:恒定出流模型比瞬时出流模型占用的防洪库容减小0.05%~0.18%、最大下泄流量有增有减,即恒定出流模型既不劣于瞬时出流模型,也能很好地解决瞬时出流模型存在的问题。同时,实例揭示的水库二次补偿调节比等蓄量调度方式减小防洪库容10.6%,为确定水库的防洪库容提供了新的方法。

基于孔口出流模型的实验研究及理论分析

基于孔口出流模型对底部有小孔的圆柱体容器中液体液面高度随时间的变化规律进行了实验研究,并通过计入液体表面张力引起的孔口收缩和流体黏滞力导致的能量损失对实验结果进行了理论分析,与实验结果一致.

非稳定孔口出流模型在水文地质计算中的应用

本文改进了流体力学中的非稳定孔口出流公式,导出的新公式可由流量的变化求出流体的储量。当含水层(体)为瞬时补给,流量可以精确地测量时,就可以用一个贮水容器的非稳定孔口出流来模拟它的衰减泄流。

冲击式水轮机喷嘴流量特性及其大波动过渡过程研究

针对冲击式水轮机在初期设计阶段无合适的综合特性曲线用于电站大波动过渡过程计算的问题,根据冲击式水轮机喷嘴构件的布置特点,推导出喷针行程与喷嘴过流量的关系式,并与模型试验进行了对比,验证了公式的正确性。通过比较公式、孔口出流模型及模型综合特性曲线在大波动过渡过程中的计算结果,得出公式能更好地反映喷嘴流量特性,表明该公式可代替孔口出流模型指导初期设计阶段的冲击式电站大波动过渡过程计算。

Leaching process of rare earths from weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore

In order to strengthen the leaching procedure,the chemical processes of leaching rare earths (RE) from the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore were investigated frow the viewpoints of kinetics,hydrodynamic and mass transfer.The results show that the leaching hydrodynamics follows the Darcy law.The leaching kinetics can be described by the shrinking core model;the leaching process is controlled by diffusion of porous solid layer;and the mass transfer can be described with Van Deemter equation.This provides a theoretic basis and a scientific approach with high efficiency and optimized extraction conditions in industrial practice.

Temperature Distribution in Ethylene Pyrolyzer

A good understanding of the detailed temperature distribution in the furnace plays an important role in the implementation of operation optimization and design improvement of ethylene pyrolyzer. Numerical simulation of the turbulent flow, combustion and heat transfer was carried out to investigate the temperature distribution in industrial furnace. Inhomogeneities of the flue-gas temperature distribution were observed in X, Y, and Z direction of the furnace from the simulated results. Along the height of the furnace, the average flue-gas temperature increased initially and decreased afterward, and reached its peak at the height of 5 m. The reactor tube skin temperature varied not only along the height of the furnace, but also around the circumference of the tube. The heat flux profiles from the furnace towards the reactor tubes followed the shape of the average flue-gas temperature profile. The heat flux of the inlet tubes was constantly higher than that of the outlet tubes at the same height in the furnace.

Mathematical model for coupled reactive flow and solute transport during heap bioleaching of copper sulfide

Based on the momentum and mass conservation equations, a comprehensive model of heap bioleaching process is developed to investigate the interaction between chemical reactions, solution flow, gas flow, and solute transport within the leaching system. The governing equations are solved numerically using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for the coupled reactive flow and solute transport at micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale levels. At or near the surface of ore particle, the acid concentration is relatively higher than that in the central area, while the concentration gradient decreases after 72 d of leaching. The flow simulation between ore particles by combining X-ray CT technology shows that the highest velocity in narrow pore reaches 0.375 m/s. The air velocity within the dump shows that the velocity near the top and side surface is relatively high, which leads to the high oxygen concentration in that area. The coupled heat transfer and liquid flow process shows that the solution can act as an effective remover from the heap, dropping the highest temperature from 60 to 38 ℃. The reagent transfer coupled with solution flow is also analyzed. The results obtained allow us to obtain a better understanding of the fundamental physical phenomenon of the bioleaching process.

Survival analysis of car travel time near a bus stop in developing countries

This paper presents an important investigation into car travel time affected by mixed traffic flow near a bus stop on the basis of survival analysis theory.Travel time data associated with mixed traffic characteristics near a bus stop were collected by video cameras.A hazard-based duration model was introduced to analyze the effects of mixed traffic flow on car travel time.The results indicate that mixed traffic flow impacts car travel time significantly.And the presence of bus berthing violation would delay car travel time.The proposed model can be used to forecast temporal shifts in car travel time due to changes in mixed traffic flow.The influential factors related to mixed traffic flow should be given full consideration in the planning and designing of bus stops in developing countries.

Modeling of the Double Leakage and Leakage Spillage Flows in Axial Flow Compressors

A model to predict the double leakage and tip leakage leading edge spillage flows was developed. This model was combined by a TLV trajectory model and a TLV diameter model and formed as a function of compressor one-dimensional design parameters, i.e. the compressor massflow coefficient, Ф and compressor loading coeffi- cient, ψ, and some critical blade geometrical parameters, i.e. blade solidity, a, stagger angle, βs, blade chord length, C, and blade pitch length, S. By using this model, the double leakage and tip leakage leading edge spillage flow could be predicted even at the compressor preliminary design process. Considering the leading edge spillage flow usually indicates the inception of spike-type stall, i.e. the compressor is a tip critical design, this model could also be used as a tool to choose the critical design parameters for designers. At last, some experimental data from literature was used to validate the model and the results proved that the model was reliable.

A reduced-order-model-based multiple-in multiple-out gust alleviation control law design method in transonic flow

Gust alleviation is very important to a large flexible aircraft.A nonlinear low-order aerodynamic state space model is required to model the nonlinear aeroelastic responses due to gust.Based on the proper orthogonal decomposition method,a reduced order modeling of gust loads was proposed.And then the open-loop and closed-loop reduced order state space model for the transonic aeroelastic system was developed.The static output feed back control scheme was used to design a simple multiple-in multiple-out(MIMO)gust alleviation control law.The control law was demonstrated with the Goland+wing model with four control surfaces.The simulation results of different discrete gusts show the capability and good performance of the designed MIMO controller in transonic gust alleviation.