Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has de...Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.展开更多
Flax and hemp fibers were used as reinforcing materials to commingle with polypropylene(PP)fiber to realize the mixture of two materials at the stage of yarn.Meanwhile,PP filaments were introduced to produce a core-sp...Flax and hemp fibers were used as reinforcing materials to commingle with polypropylene(PP)fiber to realize the mixture of two materials at the stage of yarn.Meanwhile,PP filaments were introduced to produce a core-spun yarn with flax/PP as core and PP filament as outer sheath.The commingled yarns were woven into 2D fabric which was used as the prefabricated material.The composite laminates were prepared by hot press technology.The effects of manufacture technology,yarn structure,and fiber weight fraction on flexural properties of composites were investigated.展开更多
In a rational exercise, in the present paper it is extrapolated how the development of ICTs （information and communication technologies） and the incipient technological development of additive manufacturing has the ...In a rational exercise, in the present paper it is extrapolated how the development of ICTs （information and communication technologies） and the incipient technological development of additive manufacturing has the potential to change our society. In the following, it is analyzing the evolution of man over physical matter and how this has shaped our society. The main milestones or key stages in history that have marked a transcendental change in the human-machine-environment relationship have been identified and consequently have led us to ask ourselves： What is next, how far are we, and what are we capable of printing？ In an attempt to identify the current state of the art, highlighting the possibilities those additive technologies can offer.展开更多
Baishideng's goal over the next few years is to edit and publish high-quality articles through the open-access model, to maximize the benefits to members of the editorial board, authors and readers, as well as ach...Baishideng's goal over the next few years is to edit and publish high-quality articles through the open-access model, to maximize the benefits to members of the editorial board, authors and readers, as well as achieving social and economic benefits.展开更多
Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this pr...Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this process： the acquisition of permanent status from state governments, the establishment of the USGS （United States Geological Survey）, and the increase in regional professional scientific societies and publications in the Midwest. These factors aided in the transformation of research projects by state geologists. These projects grew more focused, of higher quality, and increased in number during this time-period. State governments still expected Midwestern geological surveys to meet the practical needs of their respective states as this transformation continued, but surveys complemented these goals with projects more closely related to pure science. This shift encouraged the research goals of surveys to investigate projects more closely related to pure scientific pursuits, and significantly aided in the growth of the earth sciences in the nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore consensus among Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)/ integrative medicine(IM) journal executive editors in China regarding:(a)Their perceptions about the differences between papers published in Chin...OBJECTIVE:To explore consensus among Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)/ integrative medicine(IM) journal executive editors in China regarding:(a)Their perceptions about the differences between papers published in Chinese/English journals;(b)the key elements required for publishing a good quality paper;(c) how editors manage and decide on the manuscripts submitted to their journals.METHODS:A three classic round Delphi was conducted with a purposive sample of TCIWIM Chinese journal executive editors.The key themes and items generated from six open ended questions in the first round were redistributed to the editors in two subsequent questionnaire rounds and scored on a five-point Likert scale.Consensus,reliability and stability of responses were assessed between the editors in the same round and between rounds.RESULTS:All ten editors initially agreeing to participate completed the three rounds,provided 60 comments in the first round,relating to 6 themes on:elements of publishing good quality article;differences between Chinese and English published articles;reasons for low quality of Chinese studies;maintaining the journal's good reputation;initiatives and strategies;and differences between Chinese and English versions of the same journal.High levels of consensus were reached for 97%items.Intra-class correlation(ICC) coefficient for agreement among editors was high in both second and third round and there was a good stability between the two rounds.CONCLUSION:High inter/intra-editor agreement was identified in the differences between TCM/IM research papers published in English and Chinese.Publishing standards and probity are keys in elevating the reputation of research.Editors' perspectives in maintaining and improving quality journal can be viewed as fundamental for editors and researchers in publishing any articles.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21076042)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR (RGC 600704)
文摘Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.
文摘Flax and hemp fibers were used as reinforcing materials to commingle with polypropylene(PP)fiber to realize the mixture of two materials at the stage of yarn.Meanwhile,PP filaments were introduced to produce a core-spun yarn with flax/PP as core and PP filament as outer sheath.The commingled yarns were woven into 2D fabric which was used as the prefabricated material.The composite laminates were prepared by hot press technology.The effects of manufacture technology,yarn structure,and fiber weight fraction on flexural properties of composites were investigated.
文摘In a rational exercise, in the present paper it is extrapolated how the development of ICTs （information and communication technologies） and the incipient technological development of additive manufacturing has the potential to change our society. In the following, it is analyzing the evolution of man over physical matter and how this has shaped our society. The main milestones or key stages in history that have marked a transcendental change in the human-machine-environment relationship have been identified and consequently have led us to ask ourselves： What is next, how far are we, and what are we capable of printing？ In an attempt to identify the current state of the art, highlighting the possibilities those additive technologies can offer.
文摘Baishideng's goal over the next few years is to edit and publish high-quality articles through the open-access model, to maximize the benefits to members of the editorial board, authors and readers, as well as achieving social and economic benefits.
文摘Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this process： the acquisition of permanent status from state governments, the establishment of the USGS （United States Geological Survey）, and the increase in regional professional scientific societies and publications in the Midwest. These factors aided in the transformation of research projects by state geologists. These projects grew more focused, of higher quality, and increased in number during this time-period. State governments still expected Midwestern geological surveys to meet the practical needs of their respective states as this transformation continued, but surveys complemented these goals with projects more closely related to pure science. This shift encouraged the research goals of surveys to investigate projects more closely related to pure scientific pursuits, and significantly aided in the growth of the earth sciences in the nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To explore consensus among Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)/ integrative medicine(IM) journal executive editors in China regarding:(a)Their perceptions about the differences between papers published in Chinese/English journals;(b)the key elements required for publishing a good quality paper;(c) how editors manage and decide on the manuscripts submitted to their journals.METHODS:A three classic round Delphi was conducted with a purposive sample of TCIWIM Chinese journal executive editors.The key themes and items generated from six open ended questions in the first round were redistributed to the editors in two subsequent questionnaire rounds and scored on a five-point Likert scale.Consensus,reliability and stability of responses were assessed between the editors in the same round and between rounds.RESULTS:All ten editors initially agreeing to participate completed the three rounds,provided 60 comments in the first round,relating to 6 themes on:elements of publishing good quality article;differences between Chinese and English published articles;reasons for low quality of Chinese studies;maintaining the journal's good reputation;initiatives and strategies;and differences between Chinese and English versions of the same journal.High levels of consensus were reached for 97%items.Intra-class correlation(ICC) coefficient for agreement among editors was high in both second and third round and there was a good stability between the two rounds.CONCLUSION:High inter/intra-editor agreement was identified in the differences between TCM/IM research papers published in English and Chinese.Publishing standards and probity are keys in elevating the reputation of research.Editors' perspectives in maintaining and improving quality journal can be viewed as fundamental for editors and researchers in publishing any articles.
