Context: Neonatal infections are frequent complications of extremely low- birth- weight (ELBW) infants receiving intensive care. Objective: To determine if neonatal infections in ELBW infants are associated with incre...Context: Neonatal infections are frequent complications of extremely low- birth- weight (ELBW) infants receiving intensive care. Objective: To determine if neonatal infections in ELBW infants are associated with increased risks of adverse neurodevelopmental and growth sequelae in early childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants: Infants weighing 401 to 1000 g at birth (born in 1993- 2001) were enrolled in a prospectively collected very low- birth- weight registry at academic medical centers participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes were assessed at a comprehensive follow- up visit at 18 to 22 months of corrected gestational age and compared by infection group. Eighty percent of survivors completed the follow- up visit and 6093 infants were studied. Registry data were used to classify infants by type of infection: uninfected (n=2161), clinical infection alone (n=1538), sepsis (n=1922), sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (n=279), or meningitis with or without sepsis (n=193). Main Outcome Measures: Cognitive and neuromotor development, neurologic status, vision and hearing, and growth (weight, length, and head circumference) were assessed at follow- up. Results: The majority of ELBW survivors (65% ) had at least 1 infection during their hospitalization after birth. Compared with uninfected infants, those in each of the 4 infection groups were significantly more likely to have adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at follow- up, including cerebral palsy (range of significant odds ratios [ORs], 1.4- 1.7), low Bayley Scales of Infant Development II scores on the mental development index (ORs, 1.3- 1.6)- and psychomotor development index (ORs, 1.5- 2.4), and vision impairment (ORs, 1.3- 2.2). Infection in the neonatal period was also associated with impaired head growth, a known predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Conclusions: This large cohort study suggests that neonatal infections among ELBW infants are associated with poor neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in early childhood. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of brain injury in infants with infection so that novel interventions to improve these outcomes can be explored.展开更多
Aim:Blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters decreases cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation.The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sampling volume and velocity.Methods:Forty-eight infants,me...Aim:Blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters decreases cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation.The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sampling volume and velocity.Methods:Forty-eight infants,median birthweight 965 g(480-1500 g),median gestational age 27 wk(23-34 wk),were studied during routine blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters.The sampling procedure was performed following a strict protocol for draw-up volume(1.6 ml),sampling volume(1.7 ml or 0.2 ml),re-injection volume(1.6 ml)and flushing volume(0.6 ml),time of aspiration(40 s or 80 s),reinjection(30 s)and flushing(6 s).In each infant,sampling volume and aspiration time were subject to sequential variation in a randomized fashion(1.7 ml/40 s,1.7 ml/80 s,0.2 ml/30 s).Using near-infrared spectroscopy,changes in concentrations of cerebral oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin were measured,and changes in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation were calculated.Results:During all three sampling procedures,oxygenated haemoglobin decreased significantly from baseline,whereas deoxygenated haemoglobin did not change.Correspondingly,a decrease in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation occurred.This decrease was not affected significantly by extending the sampling time from 40 s to 80 s,whereas it was blunted by reducing the amount of blood withdrawn.Conclusion:Blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters induces a decrease in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation.The magnitude of the decrease depends on the blood volume withdrawn but not on sampling velocity.展开更多
文摘Context: Neonatal infections are frequent complications of extremely low- birth- weight (ELBW) infants receiving intensive care. Objective: To determine if neonatal infections in ELBW infants are associated with increased risks of adverse neurodevelopmental and growth sequelae in early childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants: Infants weighing 401 to 1000 g at birth (born in 1993- 2001) were enrolled in a prospectively collected very low- birth- weight registry at academic medical centers participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes were assessed at a comprehensive follow- up visit at 18 to 22 months of corrected gestational age and compared by infection group. Eighty percent of survivors completed the follow- up visit and 6093 infants were studied. Registry data were used to classify infants by type of infection: uninfected (n=2161), clinical infection alone (n=1538), sepsis (n=1922), sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (n=279), or meningitis with or without sepsis (n=193). Main Outcome Measures: Cognitive and neuromotor development, neurologic status, vision and hearing, and growth (weight, length, and head circumference) were assessed at follow- up. Results: The majority of ELBW survivors (65% ) had at least 1 infection during their hospitalization after birth. Compared with uninfected infants, those in each of the 4 infection groups were significantly more likely to have adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at follow- up, including cerebral palsy (range of significant odds ratios [ORs], 1.4- 1.7), low Bayley Scales of Infant Development II scores on the mental development index (ORs, 1.3- 1.6)- and psychomotor development index (ORs, 1.5- 2.4), and vision impairment (ORs, 1.3- 2.2). Infection in the neonatal period was also associated with impaired head growth, a known predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Conclusions: This large cohort study suggests that neonatal infections among ELBW infants are associated with poor neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in early childhood. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of brain injury in infants with infection so that novel interventions to improve these outcomes can be explored.
文摘Aim:Blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters decreases cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation.The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sampling volume and velocity.Methods:Forty-eight infants,median birthweight 965 g(480-1500 g),median gestational age 27 wk(23-34 wk),were studied during routine blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters.The sampling procedure was performed following a strict protocol for draw-up volume(1.6 ml),sampling volume(1.7 ml or 0.2 ml),re-injection volume(1.6 ml)and flushing volume(0.6 ml),time of aspiration(40 s or 80 s),reinjection(30 s)and flushing(6 s).In each infant,sampling volume and aspiration time were subject to sequential variation in a randomized fashion(1.7 ml/40 s,1.7 ml/80 s,0.2 ml/30 s).Using near-infrared spectroscopy,changes in concentrations of cerebral oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin were measured,and changes in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation were calculated.Results:During all three sampling procedures,oxygenated haemoglobin decreased significantly from baseline,whereas deoxygenated haemoglobin did not change.Correspondingly,a decrease in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation occurred.This decrease was not affected significantly by extending the sampling time from 40 s to 80 s,whereas it was blunted by reducing the amount of blood withdrawn.Conclusion:Blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters induces a decrease in cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation.The magnitude of the decrease depends on the blood volume withdrawn but not on sampling velocity.
