江浙蝮蛇毒出血毒、致死毒及抗毒素标准品的建立

【摘 要】目的 以日本标准品标化我所制备的江浙蝮蛇毒标准品出血毒、致死毒及抗毒素的单位及效价。方法 经动物试验，通过统计学方法统计计算各项结果。结果 我所制备的标准品出血毒为180TD/AMP，致死毒为450TD/AMP，抗出血毒效价为6250IU/AMP，抗致死毒效价为3600U/AMP。结论 所制备的标准品可用于江浙蝮蛇毒出血毒、致死毒及抗毒素效价的检测。

蛇毒酶制剂出血毒试验方法比较

使用不同稀释度的蛇毒毒素，等体积注射于大鼠背部皮下、皮内和小鼠背部皮下，１８～２４小时剥皮观察比较动物皮下出血程度，经统计学处理，小鼠背部皮下注射对检查出血毒最敏感。选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶成品、半成品，１８～２４小时剥皮观察皮下瘀血或瘀斑，发现４２批成品中８８．１％未见皮下瘀血，２４批半成品７５％未见皮下瘀血。说明选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶来限量检查出血毒的方法是可取的。

兔出血症病毒经典毒株和变异毒株的RT-PCR鉴定

本研究旨在建立鉴别兔出血症病毒经典毒株(RHDV)和变异毒株(RHDV2)的RT-PCR检测方法。根据Gen Bank中经典RHDV和RHDV2的VP60基因序列,设计2对分别结合两种基因的特异性引物。利用2对引物,以人工合成RHDV2的VP60基因构建的p MD19-T-VP60-2和p MD19-T-VP60为模板,进行RT-PCR体系退火温度的优化,优化后的退火温度为58.2℃。对优化后的RT-PCR体系进行RHDV和RHDV2的敏感性试验、特异性试验,并用于检测RHDV人工感染样品和疑似临床样品,结果显示,该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,经典RHDV和RHDV2的检测限度分别为95拷贝和76拷贝的靶基因片段,且对支气管败血波氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、大肠杆菌等病原以及重组质粒p MD19-T-EBHSV的检测结果均为阴性。RHDV人工感染的组织样品检出率为100%,15份临床样品中3份为经典RHDV阳性,其他均为经典RHDV及RHDV2阴性。该方法的建立能够实现快速、特异及敏感地检测RHDV和RHDV2,为监测RHDV变异株的流行情况提供技术支撑。

浙江省检出带毒力基因的人源性肠出血性大肠杆菌O_(157):H_7

目的了解肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7在浙江省人群中的感染情况和菌型分布特征,制定相应的防治对策。方法5～10月份肠道传染病高发季节,在浙江省各地(市)肠道门诊采集腹泻病人粪便,对O157:H7菌株进行分离培养,并用PCR方法检测其毒力基因。结果1998年开始至今的人群监测中,共检出2株无毒力的肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7。PCR毒力基因检测,SLT2和Hly阳性,SLT1阴性。结论与以往不同,此次分离到带有毒力基因的人源性肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7,说明浙江省O157:H7在菌型特征方面发生了变化,对人群健康构成了更大的威胁。

蕲蛇蛇毒中一种新型金属蛋白酶AA-MP-I的纯化和表征

本研究通过嗜硫色谱、Sephadex G-75、蓝胶和POROS HQ20离子交换色谱,从蕲蛇蛇毒中分离得到一种新组分AA-MP-I。该酶为分子量22.9kDa的单体蛋白,等电点为5.55,不含中性糖基,N端序列为STE-FQRYMEIVIVVDHSMVK,结果表明其为新型P-I型金属蛋白酶,对温度敏感,具有抗凝血活性,40℃下抗凝血活性最强,具有出血毒性,无磷脂酶A2活性。

毒蛇咬伤台湾经验

台湾地处亚热带,地形多高山、丛林,气候温暖潮湿,是毒蛇生长繁殖的最佳环境。其中有6种毒蛇的咬伤较为常见且常有严重的临床症状,较有流行病学上的意义,它们是赤尾鲐(Trimeresurus stejnegeri)、龟壳花(T.mucrosquamatus)、眼镜蛇(Naja naja atra)、雨伞节(Bungarus multicinctus)、百步蛇(Deinagkistrodon acutus)、锁蛇(Daboia russelli formosensis)(2)。赤尾鲐、龟壳花及百步蛇咬伤主要以出血症状为主,一般称之出血性毒蛇。眼镜蛇和雨伞节咬伤因其具神经毒性,故称之为神经性毒蛇。锁炼蛇在动物实验及临床上兼具神经及出血症状,另外归为两者兼有之毒蛇。出血性毒毒素可造成咬伤处肿胀、淤血、疼痛;严重时并可导致血凝不全、全身性出血等症状。神经性毒毒素可以作用于运动神经与肌肉接合处,而造成横纹肌不收缩,迅速导致呼吸麻痹。混合性毒毒素具有神经毒性、溶血、横纹肌溶解及肾毒性等症状。赤尾鲐的咬伤是台湾最常见的毒蛇咬伤,龟壳花次之,眼镜蛇咬伤占第三位,不过赤尾鲐咬伤有集中在台湾中部的倾向,雨伞节咬伤占第四位,锁炼蛇占第五位、百步蛇咬伤个案在六大毒蛇中反而最少,不过锁炼蛇及百步蛇咬伤主要以台湾东南部为主[4,22-23]。一般毒蛇咬伤后在4~6小时即会有症状出现,此时应尽速给予正确的抗蛇毒血清(量及种类),雨伞节咬伤尚需考虑插管使用呼吸器维持呼吸,若4~6小时内未出现症状,则最好观察6~12小时确定无症状再离院,无症状的毒蛇咬伤并不需给予抗蛇毒血清治疗,仅需一般症状治疗。蛇咬时应保持冷静,辨别蛇种及蛇的大小,并注意有无听到嘶嘶的喷气声以帮助医护人员诊断。抗蛇毒血清使用的剂量依咬伤的严重度、病人体重及咬伤后的时间长短给予不同的剂量,根据大多数毒物专家建议大人与小孩毒蛇咬伤应给予相同剂量,饭匙倩咬伤为6~12瓶、雨伞节咬伤为2~4瓶、龟壳花咬伤为2~4瓶、赤尾鲐咬伤为1~2瓶、百步蛇咬伤为2~4瓶、锁链蛇咬伤为2~4瓶,抗蛇毒血清以静脉滴注30~60分钟,毒蛇咬伤后4小时内给予效果最好,超过8小时才注射效果较差。急诊医护人员应根据毒蛇咬伤的病史,临床进展的症状及实验室的检查报告来决定适时给予何种抗蛇毒血清的注射量,滴注期间应密切注意病患各种生理现象的变化,才能降低毒蛇咬伤的死亡率。

原位RT-PCR检测革螨体内HFRSV的实验研究

目的 确定肾综合征出血热病毒 (HFRSV)在革螨体内分布和定位 ,进一步证明革螨作为HFRS传播媒介的意义。方法 采用原位RT -PCR分子杂交技术检测鼠肺组织细胞内和革螨体内的HFRSV -RNA。结果 阳性信号呈弥散分布 ,多见于鼠肺吞噬细胞、血管内皮细胞等组织细胞内 ;革螨体内的阳性信号主要分布于卵巢细胞、中肠及支囊上皮细胞中 ,前体组织细胞较少。结论 地高辛素标记的核酸探针原位RT

Spectrum of anemia associated with chronic liver disease

Anemia of diverse etiology is a common complication of chronic liver diseases. The causes of anemia include acute or chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension. Severe hepatocellular disease predisposes to hemorrhage because of impaired blood coagulation caused by deficiency of blood coagulation factors synthesized by hepatocytes, and/or thrombocytopenia. Aplastic anemia, which is characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow, may follow the development of hepatitis. Its presentation includes progressive anemia and hemorrhagic manifestations. Hematological complications of combination therapy for chronic viral hepatitis include clinically signif icant anemia, secondary to treatment with ribavirin and/or interferon. Ribavirininduced hemolysis can be reversed by reducing the dose of the drug or discontinuing it altogether. Interferons may contribute to anemia by inducing bone marrow suppression. Alcohol ingestion is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and may contribute to associated anemia. In patients with chronic liver disease, anemia may be exacerbated by defi ciency of folic acid and/or vitamin B12 that can occur secondary to inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption.

Purification and Characterization of Jerdonitin, a Non-hemorrhagic Metalloproteinase from Trimeresurus jerdonii Venom

Previously, we have purified Jerdonitin from Trimeresurusjerdonii venom. Compared with other P-Ⅱ class snake venom metalloproteinases （SVMPs）, Jerdonitin has a primary structure comprising metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains. However, no hemorrhagic and fibrinogenolytic activities were detected for Jerdonitin. We thought that organic buffer of high performance liquid charamatography （HPLC） might affect its enzymatic activity. In this study, we purified Jerdonitin by another procedure excluding the HPLC. It was homogenous as judged by SDS-PAGE and had an apparent molecular weight of 36 kDa under non-reducing conditions and 38 kDa under reducing conditions, respectively. Like other typical metalloproteinases, Jerdonitin preferentially degraded alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and this fibrinogenolytic activity was completely inhibited by EDTA, but not by PMSF. It was interesting that Jerdonitin did not induce hemorrhage after intradermal injection in mice.

Detection of Grass Carp Hemorrhage Virus (GCHV) from Vietnam and Comparison with GCHV Strain from China

Grass carp plays an important role in small-scale aquaculture in Vietnam. However, a severe disease, known in Vietnam as "Red Spot Disease", is causing significant economic loss in grass carp aquaculture. In this study, the tissue samples isolated from the grass carp with Red Spot Disease in Vietnam are investigated and comparied with the control GCHV isolated in China by experimental infection, culture cell infection, serological cross reactivity, and RT-PCR amplification. Infected grass carp exhibits hemorrhage symptoms about 5 days after experimental injection with GCHV-V (Vietnam) strain. The symptoms and lethality induced by the GCHV-V strain are identical to that induced by the Chinese GCHV-9014 strain. The Chinese GCHV-873 strain induces typical cytopathogenic effects in 4 cell lines, such as CIK, CAB, FHM and GCO, from the 6 fish cell lines examined. No cytopathogenic effects are observed in all the 6 examined cell lines, including CAB, FHM, CIK, EPC, CCO and GCO, infected by the GCHV-V strain and GCHV-9014 strain. Immunodiffusion assays demonstrate an obvious cross-reactivity among three GCHV strains. Precipitin lines are clearly observed not only between the anti-GCHV-873 serum and the two strains GCHV-873 and GCHV-9014, but also between the anti-GCHV-873 serum and the GCHV-V strain. GCHV can be detected by immunodiffusion assays after three generations of blind propagations in the cell lines inoculated by GCHV-V strain. This implicates that GCHV-V viruses have been replicated and amplified despite there being no cytopathogenic effects observed in these examined cell lines. Three genome segments of GCHV, including S8, S9 and S10, are amplified by three sets of PCR primers designed according to the segment sequences published recently. The Q8fp and Q8rp primer set specific for genome segment S8 amplifies a 955 bp fragment from the extracted sample of diseased fish with Red Spot Disease, and the fragment size is identical to that amplified by the same primer set from control GCHV-873 strain. Simultaneously, the Q9fp and Q9rp primer set specific for genome segment S9 generates a same 635 bp product, and the Q10fp and Q10rp primer set specific for genome segment S10 produces a same 697 bp fragment from both template samples of diseased fish with Red Spot Disease and control GCHV-873 strain. The RT-PCR amplification and corresponding size comparison data indicate that the three GCHV-V genome segments extracted from the diseased grass carp with Red Spot Disease in Vietnam should be identical to that in control GCHV-873 strain from China. The data confirm that the causative agent of grass carp Red Spot Disease in Vietnam is a virus, and the virus is closely similar to GCHV strain in China.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: An Overview

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral infection that is a serious threat to humans. The disease is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and Europe and has developed into a serious public health concern. Humans become infected through the bites of ticks, by contact with a patient with CCHF, or by contact with blood or tissues from viremic livestock. Microvascular instability and impaired hemostasis are the hallmarks of the infection. Infection in human begins with nonspecific febrile symptoms, but may progress to a serious hemorrhagic syndrome with high mortality rates. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most used and specific tests for the diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is supportive. Although definitive studies are not available, ribavirin is suggested to be effective especially at the earlier phase of the infection. Uses of universal protective measures are the best way to avoid the infection. In this review, all aspects of CCHF are overviewed in light of the current literature.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Complicated by Orchitis

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a disease caused by viruses of the family Bunyaviridae,genus Hantavirus.HFRS from Dobrava virus (DOBV) is a seldom reported disease in Albania.Clinically HFRS is manifested as mild,moderate,or severe.Therefore,the number of cases of Hantavirus' infection may be underestimated,and should be included in the differential diagnosis of many acute infections,hematologic diseases,acute abdominal diseases and renal diseases complicated by acute renal failure.We report here an atypical presentation of HFRS from Dobrava virus complicated by orchitis with a positive outcome.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Associated with Acute Pancreatitis

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a systemic infectious disease caused by Hantaviruses and characterized by fevers, bleeding tendencies, gastrointestinal symptoms and renal failure. It encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from unapparent or mild illnesses to fulminant hemorrhagic processes. Among the various complications of HFRS, acute pancreatitis is a rare find. In this report, based on clinical data, laboratory and radiologic examination findings, we describe a clinical case, with HFRS from Dobrava virus, associated with acute pancreatitis. The patient was successfully treated by supportive management. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of HFRS when examining patients with epidemiological data and symptoms of acute pancreatitis.

Sequencing, Expression and Diagnostic Application of the Nucleoprotein Gene of Xinjiang Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

In order to analyze the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), viral RNA was amplified by RT-PCR by using the proof-reading DNA polymerase to produce the complete NP gene. The PCR product was sequenced, analyzed for phylogenesis and cloned into the expression vector pET32a and the recombinant plasmid expressed in E.coli BL-21 with high yield. The primarily purified fused protein was used to coat ELISA plates for the detect antibodies. It was found the similarities between NP gene of BA88166 and other XHFVs in nucleotide level and amino acid contents were very significant, and the NP gene of BA88166 encoded a nucleoprotein with 482 amino acid and a deduced molecular weight (MW) of 54?kDa. Western blot assay showed that the fusion protein expressed in bacteria possessed good antigenicity. The results with ELISA for the detection of the human and animal sera collected in endemic areas were found to be in good accordance to the clinical diagnosis. It concluded that the relations of NP genes of XHFV BA88166 and other XHFVs appeared to be evolutionally close. The methodologies established in this study were accurate, specific, rapid and reproducible for the clinical examinations and epidemiological survey.

Epidemiology and Mutational Analysis of Global Strains of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe illness with high fatality.Cases are reported in several countries in Africa,Europe,the Middle East,and Asia.Phylogenetic analyses based on the virus S (nucleocapsid),M (glycoprotein),and L (polymerase) genome segments sequences indicate distinct geographic lineages exist but their specific genetic characteristics require elucidation.In this work we collected all full length S segment sequences and generated a phylogenetic tree based on the alignment of these 62 samples.We then analyzed the alignment using entries from AAIndex,the Amino Acid Index database,to identify amino acid mutations that performed significant changes in charge,pka,hydropathy and side chain volume.Finally,we mapped these changes back to the tree and alignment to identify correlated mutations or sites that characterized a specific lineage.Based on this analysis we are able to propose a number of sites that appear to be important for virus function and which would be good candidates for experimental mutational analysis studies.

Study on the Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Clone Specific for the Nucleocapsid Protein of Hantaan Virus from Peripheral Blood in Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

In order to elucidate the molecular and immunological mechanisms as well as the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), the CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) clone was established directly from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with HFRS. The activities of CTL were detected as usual with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (BLCL) as target cells. The results showed that the CTL clone could recognized and killed the target cells with specificity of nucleocapsid protein of Hantaan virus (HTNVNP) with the cytotoxicity percentages of 50.2%, 25.4% and 39.0% respectively. These results demonstrated that the antigenic epitopes of HTNVNP mainly located on the C-terminal of the viral nucleocapsid protein.

台湾地区野外生存ABC

在我国台湾地区,户外运动盛行,野外生存知识和技能较为普及。不仅台军“特战部队”注重野外生存训练,野外生存知识在青少年中亦得到推广。如台湾登山协会、露营协会、童军团等组织都讲授有关野外生存的课程,甚至在永和市的福和国立女子中学还设有野外求生植物园,园中有450余种食用、药用、有毒植物供学生识别,由台军“特战部队”野外求生教官作指导。 由于户外运动的普及。

Zika virus and Zika fever

An emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus named Zika virus(ZIKV), of the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus, is becoming a global health threat. ZIKV infection was long neglected due to its sporadic nature and mild symptoms. However, recently, with its rapid spread from Asia to the Americas, affecting more than 30 countries, accumulating evidences have demonstrated a close association between infant microcephaly and Zika infection in pregnant women. Here, we reviewed the virological, epidemiological, and clinical essentials of ZIKV infection.

Isolation,Characterization,and Phylogenetic Analysis of Two New Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Strains from the Northern Region of Xinjiang Province,China

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF)caused by the CCHF virus(CCHFV)is a tick-borne natural focal disease with a mortality rate of approximately 50%.CCHFV is widely prevalent in Africa,southern Asia,the Middle East,and southeast Europe.CCHF outbreaks have been reported previously in Xinjiang province,China,especially in its southern region.Epidemiological surveys conducted on ticks and animals have revealed the presence of CCHFV strains in ticks,rodents,and infected individuals from cities and counties in southern Xinjiang.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Chinese CCHFV strains belong to one genotype,based on complete sequences of the S segments of its negative-stranded RNA genome.The present study reports two new CCHFV strains isolated from Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum ticks collected from Fukang City and Wujiaqu City in the northern region of Xinjiang.Viral characteristics and their evolutionary relationships were analyzed through metagenomic and reverse-transcription PCR analyses;these analyses indicated that the genotype of both strains was different from that of other Chinese strains.Furthermore,previous reports of CCHFV in Xinjiang were reviewed and phylogenetic analyses were performed.CCHFV was found to prevail in Fukang City in Junggar Basin for more than 20 years,and that Fukang City and Wujiaqu City are considered natural reservoirs of different genotypes of CCHFV strains.Our findings facilitate the understanding of CCHFV distribution in Xinjiang province and provide insights into the evolutionary relationships among Chinese CCHFV strains.

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks from Different Ecosystems in Xinjiang,China

The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),a member of the genus Orthonairovirus and family Nairoviridae,is transmitted by ticks and causes severe hemorrhagic disease in humans.To study the epidemiology of CCHFV in different ecosystems in Xinjiang,China,a total of 58,932 ticks were collected from Tarim Basin,Junggar Basin,Tianshan Mountain,and Altai Mountain from 2014 to 2017.Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum was the dominant tick species in Tarim and Junggar basins,whereas Dermacentor nuttalli and Hyalomma detritum were found in Tianshan Mountain and Altai Mountain,respectively.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the CCHFV small(S)genome segment was used for the molecular detection.The CCHFV-positive percentage was 5.26%,6.85%,1.94%,and 5.56% in Tarim Basin,Junggar Basin,Tianshan Mountain,and Altai Mountain,respectively.Sequences of the S segment were used for phylogenetic analysis and the results showed that the newly identified CCHFV strains belonged to two clades.Our study confirms that H.asiaticum asiaticum is the major vector of CCHFV in desert habitats which is consistent with previous studies,and also suggests that H.detritum and D.nuttalli are emerging vectors for CCHFV in Xinjiang.Moreover,this study reports the presence of CCHFV in the mountain habitat of Xinjiang for the first time,suggesting that future surveillance of CCHFV should also include mountainous areas.