10—14世纪四柱亭榭之结构探析

通过对金元亭榭、《营造法式》以及相关宋画三者进行对照比较,总结出10—14世纪四柱亭榭之结构做法,内容包括举折、出檐、出际、安槫四项。具体提出以下5点结论:1)举屋在四分举一至二分举一之间;2)椽径份值介于9～10份;3)大型亭榭之出檐,可参考《法式》规定,小型亭榭之出檐,需据檐步架尺寸进行折算;4)歇山亭榭之出际可据步架尺寸之0.8～1确定;5)安槫方式可归作三类:"斗栱悬挑型"、"过渡型"和"趴梁抬承型",每一类又可进一步细分为两种做法,在此基础上,对不同做法之历史演变进行了客观梳理。研究结果可为中古亭榭建筑结构补阙,又可补充完善《法式》内容。

Status quo and Countermeasures of Tea Export Trade of China

The research analyzed status quo of Chinese tea export, including export scale, exporting countries and regions, product structure, explored factors affecting tea export, and detailed international trade development of Chinese teas. On basis of global politics and economic situations, the research proposed new thoughts and of global trades of Chinese teas with application of the Belt and Road Initiative strategy.

Endocytosis unplugged： multiple ways to enter the cell

Endocytosis occurs at the cell surface and involves internalization of the plasma membrane （PM） along with its constituent membrane proteins and lipids. Endocytosis is involved in sampling of the extracellular milieu and also serves to regulate various processes initiated at the cell surface. These include nutrient uptake, signaling from cell- surface receptors, and many other processes essential for cell and tissue functioning in metazoans. It is also central to the maintenance of PM lipid and protein homeostasis. There are multiple means of internalization that operate concurrently, at the cell surface. With advancement in high-resolution visualization techniques, it is now possible to track multiple endocytic cargo at the same time, revealing a remarkable diversity of endocytic processes in a single cell. A combination of live cell imaging and efficient genetic manipulations has also aided in understanding the functional hierarchy of molecular players in these mechanisms of internalization. Here we provide an account of various endocytic routes, their mechanisms of operation and occurrence across phyla.

Integrated Control Model for Time and Cost Risk in Project Management

Time, cost and quality are the three main targets to be controled in project management. However, the control and management of time and cost risk are usually carried out respectively, which will bring such problems as the delay of schedule by reason of the impracticability of cash flow, the money difficulties caused by delay of schedule and so on. In order to control and manage the time and cost risk effectively and simultaneously, a time & cost risk control model based on schedule programme was established with the use of the quantitativemodels of BCWS, BCWP and ACWP in this paper. Subsequently, the analysis of variance for the whole project and the single activity was introduced on the basis of BCWS, BCWP and ACWP so that the project can be controlled and managed effectively. Furthermore, an example given behind in detail expressly illustrated that the model set up above was practicableto project management. However, the method of optimizing the cash flow based on time and cost risk to obtain BCWS should be considered properlyand carefully with respect to the different circumstances of the project, and an efficient and adequate interval report system should be set up on the site of the project.

Current Status and Development Strategies of TCMM Exportation in China

Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportation status of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(TCMM). The profound reasons for these problems lie in the cultural, technological and informativebarriers between TCMM and the international market as well as the underdevelopment of TCMMmodernization. Therefore, measures should be taken to enhance the cultural exchange and strategiccooperation in TCMM marketing with international organizations, implement a standardization of TCMM,establish information sharing and other supporting mechanisms, and accelerate TCMM modernizationand innovation.

MNC's Know-how Feedback: an Economic Explanation

An important motive of internationalization of multinational corporation(MNC) is to acquire local knowledge, and to transfer know-how from its foreign subsidiaries to the parent in order to enhance core competence. An economic explanation about know-how feedback is demonstrated, the factors of subsidiaries feedback decision are analyzed, the benefit effects of the parent and subsidiary on feedback and non-feedback model are elaborated. In conclusion, MNC should locate in the country abundant with advanced knowledge and pay attention to internal and external knowledge transfer mechanism in order to achieve better know-how feedback performance.

The impact of environmental regulations on international competitiveness of textile industry in China

A greater focus of environmental protection is directed toward environmental regulations in China. This paper focuses on environmental regulations and their impact on textile industry. The academic circle does not reach a consensus on the relationship between environmental regulations and international competitiveness. Some hold the view that environmental regulations lower international competitiveness while others think that environmental regulations improve both environment and economic performance. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the environmental regulations on the international competitiveness of textile industry in China. This study starts with theories relative to this subject; the second part, based on the impact mechanism of environmental regulations on competitiveness, analyzes the environmental impact on textile from the perspective of cost and market. The conceptual exploration comes to the conclusion that environmental regulations make a negative impact on the international competitiveness on the cost side and improve it by means ofinnovation and product differentiation on market side; the third part gives time series evidence to examine the impact. In this part the Pearson Correlation Analysis is conducted based on the data of China's textile industry of the period from 1991 to 2005. It turns out to prove that the negative environmental impact on cost side exceeds the positive environmental impact on market side, namely, environmental regulations deteriorate the international competitiveness in textile industry as a whole during the inspected period.

电力市场中计算输电电价的一种新方法

该文基于边际成本理论,提出了一种计算输电电价的新方法,在保留边际成本定价中的经济信息的同时,综合考虑了无功电价,又考虑了电网的年收支平衡,最后,通过潮流跟踪法,确定有功、无功电价及固定成本在各个用户间的分配,使定价模型更加合理、完善。经IEEE6节点系统算例证明,该文所提的模型和算法是正确而有效的,具有重要的理论意义和工程实际价值,特别是对于在厂网分开后电网建设以及维护电网稳定的资金筹措有相当的指导价值。

Re-measuring Status of China＇s High-Tech Industries in International Division of Labor： Applying a Non-Competitive Input-Output Model

Based on a refined ＂non-competitive input-output model,＂ this paper proposes a new framework for analyzing the status of a country＇s high-tech industries in the international division of labor, i.e. calculates the index of＂ weighted value-added productivity ＂ by compiling non-competitive input-output tables which distinguish high-tech industries from traditional industries. The new method effectively avoids ＂statistical illusion＂ which stems from a biased focus on gross exports under intra-product specialization. The empirical study shows that since 1995, the status of China＇s high-tech industries has grown quickly as a result of enhanced labor productivity, but still lags behind those of major developed countries. In addition, the study also suggests that the status of China＇s high-tech industries has been over-estimated using the traditional gross export statistical method.

The Influence of British and American Cultural Differences on English and American Literature Review

In an era of globalization, cross-cultural communication is not strange to us with studyingand travelling abroad, and even immigration becoming a part of our lives. In such an era of international communication being increasingly frequent, learning the culture of other countries will help usto do well in international communication. The paperis going to study,from the British and American history and culture, the differences of all kinds of their present acts in the world and impacts of the historical reasons on their own citizens, to not only let the reader understand the cultural differences between these two countries, but also to get the cause of the difference to better understand their cultures.

A New Method Based on Kinematics of Robots to Analyze the Kinematics of Persian Joint

This paper has been focused on investigating kinematics of Persian joint. In this study, instead of using the 3D （three dimensional） rotation matrix method as in the previous research, Persian joint is considered as a robotic mechanism, and the methods and tools are applied to present the relationship of angular displacements of input shaft and output shaft. When the angle between intersecting shafts changes from 0 degree to 135 degrees, the results show that the velocities of input shaft and output shaft are almost the same with the actual values. This study provides a new method to investigate this mechanism in detail. The obtained results not only provide the sub-parameters （the displacement of guide arms and connecting arms）, but also help to have a deeper understanding about the operation of Persian joint in order to develop the design of Persian joint in the future.

Aviation

Aviation Industry Sub-council,a branch of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT),fulfils its mission under the guidance of CCPIT.Aimed at pro- noting export and import of aviation and

Input-Output Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Chinese Industries

In this paper, we attempted to calculate the impact of environmental regulation on the international competitiveness of China＇s industries. Calculations are based on the input-output model that incorporates pollution control costs. We took enterprises ＇pollution control costs as the substitute variable for environmental regulation and price changes to measure the impact on international competitiveness for all sectors. Our studies reported three findings. First, price rises caused by pollution control costs were not more than 4 per cent in the manufacturing and trade sectors in 2007. Second, although the charging rate on pollutant discharge has become increasingly higher since 2003, the resultant price rise is only around O. 5 per cent across all sectors. Third, the impact brought about by increasingly stronger environmental regulation is limited and the resultant price rise does not exceed 2 per cent. Thesefindings indicate that the impact of environmental regulation on China＇s trade sectors is affordable. Therefore, it is needless to worry that environmental regulation will weaken the international competitiveness of Chinese products.

Research on the obstacles and strategies of turning export to domestic sales for export processing zone enterprises

At present, the international economy continues growing slowly, and the foreign trade situation is not optimistic. In addition, domestic demand are strongly encouraged and expanded in China. Compared with a prosperous domestic market, enterprises in the export processing zone have few advantages. Domestic sales have become an inevitable trend. It is also beneficial for the transformation and upgrading of export processing zone. However, it is quite difficult to open up the domestic market for export-oriented enterprises in the area. They will encounter many obstacles. The government and enterprises should take appropriate measures to facilitate the enterprise to turn export to domestic sales.

Opportunities and Challenges for Global Student Mobility： A Study on Undergraduates＇ Experiences

This paper examines the study abroad experiences of undergraduates, explores the students＇ values and perspectives on being global citizens, and expresses the way they think of themselves as members of the broader world community. The research was conducted by interviewing students who had experiences studying abroad. It aims to open a debate about the meanings and understandings of global student mobility which is based on the opinions and values of college students who had either long or short-term study abroad experiences. The study shows that students have grasped the transformation of globalization and are concerned with their competitiveness in the global stage. They pointed out that their higher education courses are lacking in providing enough opportunities for students to encounter the broader world. Also, students often cope with culture shock issues such as the way they interact with classmates, the attitude of contributing toward society, and the barrier to communicate using local languages. Proposed changes can start with professors, for example, by bringing the reality of other cultures into the students＇ learning process, by showing the common values and competencies of modern college students, and by contributing to critical thinking.

Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Progress on Coastal Flooding 1995–2016

Global research progress on coastal flooding was studied using a bibliometric evaluation of publications listed in the Web of Science extended scientific citation index. There was substantial growth in coastal flooding research output, with increasing publications, a higher collaboration index, and more references during the 1995–2016 period. The USA has taken a dominant position in coastal flooding research, with the US Geological Survey leading the publications ranking. Research collaborations at institutional scales have become more important than those at global scales. International collaborative publications consistently drew more citations than those from a single country. Furthermore, coastal flooding research included combinations of multi-disciplinary categories, including ‘Geology' and ‘Environmental Sciences & Ecology'. The most important coastal flooding research sites were wetlands and estuaries. While numerical modeling and 3 S(Remote sensing, RS; Geography information systems, GIS; Global positioning systems, GPS) technology were the most commonly used methods for studying coastal flooding, Lidar gained in popularity. The vulnerability and adaptation of coastal environments, their resilience after flooding, and ecosystem services function showed increases in interest.

Impact of Food Safety Standards on Food Export

This article research the food quality standards covered global and international regulations on food safety and quality, and public and private standards. The effect of global character of food safety and quality standardization shows that the important effect is increasing marginal costs of certification and accreditation, which puts pressure on export company profits in different countries. Main conclusions yield insights into the key following points： Increased food safety has been associated with higher income. Consumers and governments can afford to focus more on reducing food-borne safety risks once basic quantity needs for foods have been met or are in the process of being met. This suggests that policies focused on increasing income are the surest path to improving food safety in all countries. Food safety regulations should be designed to meet the food safety demands of consumers in rich countries and, at the same time, further the interests of both consumers and producers in poor countries.

Exploration of OPEC and oil world market

In this article, the author will analyze the phenomena of soaring oil price today, how it happened, and find the reasons for the creation of OPEC, how it conducted its affairs in the market, and the economic factors that influenced Dr. Yamani in managing the organization effectively for a fairly long period of time to attain by the goals set out by him. I will apply the economic theories of market models, substitutability of products, the concept of price leadership etc. to explain the situation in the oil market and OPEC＇s function, which also illustrates current market behavior in the business world.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between China's Maize Price and Maize Import and Export Trade

Based on the time series of China’s maize trade and domestic maize price,the article analyzes the relationship between domestic maize price and China’s maize international trade by using empirical methods.The results show that there is a connection between domestic maize prices and China's maize international trade,but the link is not very close.Domestic maize price is the cause of China’s maize international trade change,but its impact is very limited;China's maize international trade also can make some difference on the domestic maize price.Based on the results of research,the article brings three suggestion and expectation to adjust China’s maize international trade and the cost control reasonably in order to stabilize domestic maize price and maize yield,and to protect domestic grain security.

Role of Buffalo in International Trade

The study analyzed the foreign trade performance of buffalo products using several indicators. These are the foreign trade structure by product and by Geographic distribution, time trend, instability, the free on board or freight on board （FOB） price ratio of buffalo to cattle revealed comparative advantage of tradable buffalo products. Thailand has the highest buffalo exports of live animals and hides. India exports the highest share of buffalo meat. Buffalo dairy products exports are rare due to lack of expanded dairy processing industries of buffalo milk and lacking of awareness towards the buffalo milk quality, which limits the demand for buffalo dairy products and shortage in supply beyond the domestic consumption. While buffalo stock all over the world represents 12% of the world bovine stock, its share in buffalo exports of meat is around 27% of the world bovine exports measured in tons in 2007. Such share shrinkages to 13.2% when measured in dollars. This shrinkage is due to lower prices of buffalo products than cattle products. The ratio of annual average ＂FOB price＂ of buffalo meat to bovine price was about one-half and for hides was about 40%, and for live buffalo was 14%. Reasons of the apparent lower FOB price of buffalo Exported Products than cattle are the low carcass weight of buffalo exported mainly for processing, low quality and limited demand for buffalo hides, and commonly, exporting live buffalo as weaned calves. Expansion in exports of buffalo products requires expansion in supply, through the potentiality of higher productivity, rather than stock size, to reach in balance with available feeds.