Effect of contract choice on upstream carbon emission reduction considering carbon taxation

In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.

个人信息保护进路的伦理审视

当前的个人信息保护进路可以归为两类:分享优先与控制优先。整体而言,这两种保护进路的共识多于分歧,都力求兼顾各方利益,反对极端主张。在实践中普遍应用的场景主义规制决定了是分享优先还是控制优先的进路之争会在各个场景出现,最终导致具体规则的随机、多元甚至矛盾。为了形成稳固、统一的价值逻辑以及为构建合理的新秩序提供正当性支持,需要从伦理层面审视个人信息保护的基本进路:首先对两种进路予以底线伦理审查,判定两者是否有害他人的合法权益;其次考察两种进路对信息主体、信息共有人、非信息共有人这3类群体以及对人的发展、经济发展、环境和谐、文化繁荣这4项社会发展目标的影响,从而选择在伦理上更具正当性的保护进路。