社会流动与社会资本——当代中国社会阶层分化的路径分析

根据经济资源、权力资源和文化资源占有量对阶层聚类,只是解决了社会分层中的类型学问题。在阶层聚类的发生学问题,即成员资格竞争条件和社会流动的路径依赖方面,社会资本有重要作用。本文通过对一项全国性阶层分化调查数据分析,根据“流动表中成员获得初职的家庭背景影响”、“社会关系在决定社会分配中的重要性排序”研究发现,在社会资源分配和社会地位获得中,经济资源、权力资源和文化资源占有量以社会资本为中介,社会资本在阶层生产和再生产中发挥整合和集成作用。社会资本使权力、经济、文化三种资源相互保持稳定兑换,减少风险,增值增效,也强化了阶层的封闭性。社会资本诱导资本与公共权力结合和相互渗透,扩大了公众的不公平感。这使国家管理者在社会资本积累和互动中面临着交换的权衡和被收买的考验。

分化与融合:音乐学科核心素养生成路径分析

音乐学科核心素养的生成路径有着“分化”与“融合”的差异,两种不同的生成路径直接影响着音乐学科核心素养的结构样态以及音乐教育育人理念的走向。其中,分化路径较为强调音乐学科在培育学生审美情趣方面所发挥的独特价值,而融合路径较为强调音乐学科在促进学生个体、社会、文化等素养方面所发挥的多重价值与功能。

乡村艾滋病人印象管理的路径分化逻辑——湖北XY市艾滋病村庄的实践

感染艾滋这一突发变故打破了艾滋病人正常的生命进程,导致其形象崩坏和社会关系的全面断裂,重构形象成为艾滋病人社会再适应的迫切需要。在这个过程中,艾滋病人通过对身体形象和社会形象的分化和选择性处理,营造了身体与社会形象均正常化的"常人化"管理,身体病态形象淡化、社会良好形象凸显的"良性化"管理,以及身体和社会形象双重异质化的"病态化"管理三种策略。源于身份公开这一被建构的形象起点,艾滋病人的目标和策略在社会互动中不断强化和生产,其印象管理最终出现正面化和负面化的路径分化。

经济转型路径分化研究

根据转型国家在转型的目标、转型的方式、转型的顺序等方面所表现出的差异,转型国家经济转型的路径发生了分化。分析这些转型国家转型进程,不难发现既存在使转型国家的转型路径趋同的力量;又存在着分化的力量,使得各国的转型路径不尽相同,甚至有很大的差异。

棕色脂肪分化的信号调节及其运动适应机制研究进展

哺乳动物体内存在棕色脂肪组织。与白色脂肪储存能量的功能不同,棕色脂肪以释放能量为主。近年来对于棕色脂肪分化的研究有了很多新进展,对棕色脂肪的来源有了新的认识,即白色脂肪在一定条件下可以转分化为棕色脂肪组织,因此棕色脂肪分化对肥胖的发生有重要影响。目前研究发现,棕色脂肪分化的抑制因子主要有pRB、P107、RIP140等,棕色脂肪分化的诱导因子有PRDM16、PPARα、PPARγ、PGC-1α、Insulin/IGF-1、CREB等。此外,microRNA对棕色脂肪分化有调节作用。运动对肥胖的干预可以通过Irisin、Sirt1信号途径诱导白色脂肪棕色化。

经济转型路径整合可行性探析

20世纪90年代,中国和俄罗斯、中东欧等原计划经济国家在向市场经济的转型过程中出现了路径分化。随着各种转型路径纷纷呈现出不同的绩效和前景,以及人们理论知识的丰富、认知水平的提高、实践中观察其他转型路径机会的增多,低效率路径必然被逐渐打破,转型国家将实现有效的转型路径再造,实现更优的转型路径整合。

Some Trials of Typical Typhoon Tracks Using the Adjoint Method

In this paper, the adjoint method is applied to the statistical-dynamic model （SD-90） for the prediction of typhoon tracks along with the regularization thinking and optimal control techniques. The adjoint model and the gradient of objective function are deduced with the continual model respectively. For 4 typical typhoons, the forces and the initial velocity can be retrieved well, and the tracks of these typhoons are accurately fitted for an appropriate regularization parameter and optimal control parameter.

An analytical method to calculate station evacuation capacity

The major objective of this work was to calculate evacuation capacity and solve the optimal routing problem in a given station topology from a network optimization perspective where station facilities were modelled as open finite queueing networks with a multi-objective set of performance measures. The optimal routing problem was determined so that the number of evacuation passengers was maximized while the service level was higher than a certain criterion. An analytical technique for modelling open finite queueing networks, called the iteration generalized expansion method(IGEM), was utilized to calculate the desired outputs. A differential evolution algorithm was presented for determining the optimal routes. As demonstrated, the design methodology which combines the optimization and analytical queueing network models provides a very effective procedure for simultaneously determining the service level and the maximum number of evacuation passengers in the best evacuation routes.

The Path Analysis and Its Application Study on Cultivated Land Change in Hubei Province

On the basis of introducing the principle of path analy- sis, this paper positively analyzes the influence factors of culti- vated land change from 1978 to 2002 in Hubei Province. The relationship between the influence factors and cultivated land change is studied by means of the path analysis. The results show that the construction rearrangement of agriculture, grain security and market mechanism are the main factors that decide the culti- vated land change. Meanwhile, the impact of investment, urbani- zation and benefit gap among the different utilizing ways also leads to the change of cultivated land. The result means that though some factors have less direct influence on the change of cultivated land, their indirect influence is significant or vice versa.

Phase Space Path Integral Method for Problem of Obtaining Propagator of a Particle with a Force Quadratic in Velocity

This article uses the phase space path integral method to find the propagator for a particle with a force quadratic in velocity. Two specific canonical transformations has been used for this purpose.

Social Security audit integration path analysis

Nowadays, China has entered the aging countries sequence, reform and development of the social insurance system is facing more opportunities and challenges, which give the social insurance audit work of the new requirements. In practice, the social insurance audit work has encountered new conflicts and problems. Due to the socio-economic composition, organizational forms, forms of employment, interest, distribution relations have had a dramatic and profound change, labor relations was diversified, contract, complex features, social insurance premium is difficult, concealed drain Daily contribution base, have occurred impersonator false and social insurance benefits behavior. Loss of the social insurance fund is now urgently containment dike, to further regulate the social insurance audit work has become an important issue in the New Social Insurance Development. Therefore, we must establish a sound social security audit system, and promote the integration of social security audits, and thus be able to maintain the smooth progress of China＇s social insurance work.

Accurate Calculation of Equilibrium Reduced Density Matrix for the System-Bath Model:a Multilayer Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree Approach and its Comparison to a Multi-Electronic-State Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Approach

An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibriurn reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the systern-bath model. The method employs the rnultilayer nmlticonfiguration tirne-dependent Hartree theory for imag- inary time propagation and an importance sampling procedure for calculating the quantum mechanical trace. The method is applied to the spin-boson Harniltonian, which leads to ac- curate results in agreement with those produced by the rnulti-electronic-state path integral molecular dynamics method.

Numerical Simulation of a Landfall Typhoon Using a Bogus Data Assimilation Scheme

A typhoon bogus data assimilation scheme (BDA) using dimension-reduced projection four-dimen-sional variational data assimilation (DRP-4-DVar),called DRP-BDA for short,is built in the Advanced Regional Eta Model (AREM).As an adjoint-free approach,DRP-BDA saves time,and only several minutes are taken for the full BDA process.To evaluate its performance,the DRP-BDA is applied to a case study on a landfall ty-phoon,Fengshen (2008),from the Northwestern Pacific Ocean to Guangdong province,in which the bogus sea level pressure (SLP) is assimilated as a kind of observa-tion.The results show that a more realistic typhoon with correct center position,stronger warm core vortex,and more reasonable wind fields is reproduced in the analyzed initial condition through the new approach.Compared with the control run (CTRL) initialized with NCEP Final (FNL) Global Tropospheric Analyses,the DRP-BDA leads to an evidently positive impact on typhoon track forecasting and a small positive impact on typhoon inten-sity forecasting.Furthermore,the forecast landfall time conforms to the observed landfall time,and the forecast track error at the 36th hour is 32 km,which is much less than that of the CTRL (450 km).

Hierarchical aging pathways and signatures of thermodynamic transition in molecular glasses

When a liquid is supercooled,its structural equilibration timeτeqincreases sharply approaching the glass transition temperature Tg,below which it is kinetically arrested in the out of equilibrium glassy state.Upon annealing below Tg,such glassy state relaxes toward the equilibrium state.There is growing evidence that such relaxation process is quite complex,influenced by the complexity of the potential energy landscape.Here we report the observation of a hierarchical aging pathway in the process of the glass-to-supercooled liquid transition in various molecular glass forming systems.Differential scanning calorimetry reveals that the glassy state upon annealing below Tgfirstly enters a transient metastable supercooled liquid state with slightly higher enthalpies than that of the equilibrium supercooled liquid state when extrapolated to below Tg.This observation is also confirmed by structural measurements via Raman scattering.The dynamics of the transient metastable-to-stable supercooled liquid transition exhibits characteristics of thermodynamic transition at spinodal temperature Tspslightly above Tg,leading to anomalous behaviors such as the appearance of a transition-like behavior in the plot of fragility measurements.These observations imply that the free energy landscape of the supercooled liquid develops complexity with qualitative changes approaching Tgand could have strong influence on the process of the glass transition.

The four dimensional variational data assimilation with multiple regularization parameters as a weak constraint(Tikh-4D-Var) and its preliminary application on typhoon initialization

Traditional variational data assimilation （VDA） with only one regularization parameter constraint cannot produce optimal error tuning for all observations. In this paper, a new data assimilation method of ＂four dimensional variational data assimilation （4D-Var） with multiple regularization parameters as a weak constraint （Tikh-4D-Var）＂ is proposed by imposing different reg- ularization parameters for different observations. Meanwhile, a new multiple regularization parameters selection method, which is suitable for actual high-dimensional data assimilation system, is proposed based on the posterior information of 4D-Var system. Compared with the traditional single regularization parameter selection method, computation of the proposed multiple regularization parameters selection method is smaller. Based on WRF3.3.1 4D-Vat data assimilation system, initiali- zation and simulation of typhoon Chaba （2010） with the new Tikh-4D-Var method are compared with its counterpart 4D-Var to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method. Results show that the new Tikh-4D-Var method can accelerate the con vergence with less iterations. Moreover, compared with 4D-Var method, the typhoon track, intensity （including center surface pressure and maximum wind speed） and structure prediction are obviously improved with Tikh-4D-Var method for 72-h pre- diction. In addition, the accuracy of the observation error variances can be reflected by the multiple regularization parameters.

Computation of kinetic isotope effects for enzymatic reactions

We describe a computational approach,incorporating quantum mechanics into enzyme kinetics modeling with a special emphasis on computation of kinetic isotope effects.Two aspects are highlighted:(1) the potential energy surface is represented by a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical(QM/MM) potential in which the bond forming and breaking processes are modeled by electronic structure theory,and(2) a free energy perturbation method in path integral simulation is used to determine both kinetic isotope effects(KIEs).In this approach,which is called the PI-FEP/UM method,a light(heavy) isotope is mutated into a heavy(light) counterpart in centroid path integral simulations.The method is illustrated in the study of primary and secondary KIEs in two enzyme systems.In the case of nitroalkane oxidase,the enzymatic reaction exhibits enhanced quantum tunneling over that of the uncatalyzed process in water.In the dopa delarboxylase reaction,there appears to be distinguishable primary carbon-13 and secondary deuterium KIEs when the internal proton tautomerism is in the N-protonated or in the O-protonated positions.These examples show that the incorporation of quantum mechanical effects in enzyme kinetics modeling offers an opportunity to accurately and reliably model the mechanisms and free energies of enzymatic reactions.