[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material...[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.展开更多
Water is usually considered to be a key limiting factor for the growth and reproduction of steppe plants in the Xilin River Basin, Nei Mongol. Foliar delta C-13 values, an indicator of long-term intercellular carbon d...Water is usually considered to be a key limiting factor for the growth and reproduction of steppe plants in the Xilin River Basin, Nei Mongol. Foliar delta C-13 values, an indicator of long-term intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and thus of water-use efficiency (WUE) in plants, were measured on Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. and Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng. in six communities of different habitats in die Xilin River Basin. The foliar delta C-13 values of both species tended to increase with decreasing soil water content (SWC) and a significant negative correlation was found between foliar delta C-13 Values and SWC in different soil layers, indicating that the two species could change WUE according to water availability. We also found relatively constant leaf water contents (LWC) of the two species in different habitats. Our results implied that the two steppe species might have adapted to different soil water regimes either through adjusting stomatal conductance to get a proper WUE, or through enhancing the osmosis-regulating ability to keep a relatively stable LWC. Our findings could partially explain why the two plant species have a wide distribution range and become dominant in the Xilin River Basin.展开更多
The present paper seeks to investigate the extent to which digital activism plays a role in political activism in Morocco through the intersection between women and young activists movement and the social media. By do...The present paper seeks to investigate the extent to which digital activism plays a role in political activism in Morocco through the intersection between women and young activists movement and the social media. By doing so the author argues that while facebook and the Moroccan political arena are Male dominated public areas, young female activists have emerged as prominent leaders in both spaces. The author will more particularly explain why female and youth activists are important in the current state of Moroccan politics. Next, the author provides a discussion of the February 20th Movement, and the movement＇s utilization of Facebook. It will show that young female activists involved in the February 20th Movement have used Facebook in unique and creative ways to further the Movement.展开更多
The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It al...The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It allows one to eliminate the plant materials （initial breeding materials and cultivars） which do not tolerate extreme temperatures and temperature changes during germination, have low water use efficiency and is intolerant to abiotic stressors all right at the seed level. It was confirmed that these genotypes also have poor t^eld emergence and initial root growth implications for further vegetation periods, mainly for over wintering and spring regeneration which has significant influence on the yield. The method also represents the tool for screening genetic resources with the resistance to the abiotic stressors and this technology process is also acceptable for other crops. The results confirm the importance of the seed and root characteristics for crop production. The deteriorating quality of soil in recent years, increasing variability of weather and long periods of drought directly support the need to intensify activities in this research. Obtained results also show the influence of seed quality characteristics on roots and above ground parts of the plant. A relationship exists also vice versa.展开更多
In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South...In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South of the mainland due to strong influence by rainfall distribution. Grasses and grazing cover 3.4 million ha of Italian utilized agricultural area （UAA） while alternated grassland and grass meadows cover 1.9 million ha. Most of grasslands are located in hilly and mountainous areas and are important for reducing erosion. Italy has a great longitudinal extension which accounts for a great variety of climate systems and soils： the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate and differ greatly from the south part that fits the Mediterranean climate profile. During the last 100/150 years the Italian climate has become warmer and drier showing an increase of erratic precipitation intensity. The future of breeding of forage grasses and legumes should be focused on higher nutrient use efficiencies and increased sustainability. New applications of genomics and bioinformatics will allow advanced breeding strategies. Over the past 15 years breeders have displayed a constant interest in forage species while a greater interest has risen in turfgrass varieties. Seed production of Italian herbages does not cover the requirements of the market. More specific value for cultivation and use （VCU） tests might be an effective means to improve the screening of candidate varieties. The goal is the selection of varieties able to withstand the stress of climate change, have better water and nitrogen use efficiency and resilience of vegetation cover.展开更多
Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving ...Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving crop growth are not well understood. The objectives of this study were i) to determine the crop responses to biochar addition and ii) to understand the effect of biochar addition on N use efficiency. Seven acidic red soils varying in texture, p H, and soil nutrient were taken from southern China and subjected to four treatments: zero biochar and fertilizer as a control(CK), 10 g kg-1biochar(BC), NPK fertilizers(NPK), and 10 g kg-1biochar plus NPK fertilizers(BC+NPK).15N-labeled fertilizer was used as a tracer to assess N use efficiency. After a 46-d pot experiment,biochar addition increased soil p H and available P, and decreased soil exchangable Al3+, but did not impact soil availabe N and cation exchange capacity(P > 0.05). The N use efficiency and N retained in the soil were not significantly affected by biochar application except for the soil with the lowest available P(3.81 mg kg-1) and highest exchanageable Al3+(4.54 cmol kg-1). Greater maize biomass was observed in all soils amended with biochar compared to soils without biochar(BC vs. CK, BC+NPK vs. NPK). This agronomic effect was negatively related to the concentration of soil exchangeable Al3+(P < 0.1). The results of this study implied that the liming effect of biochar improved plant growth through alleviating Al toxicity and P deficiency, especially in poor acidic red soils.展开更多
基金Supported by Youth Scientific Research Fund of Shanxi Province(2014021031-2)Fund for National System of Broomcorn Millet Industrial Technology of Ministry of Agriculture(CARS-07-13.5)~~
文摘[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.
文摘Water is usually considered to be a key limiting factor for the growth and reproduction of steppe plants in the Xilin River Basin, Nei Mongol. Foliar delta C-13 values, an indicator of long-term intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and thus of water-use efficiency (WUE) in plants, were measured on Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. and Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng. in six communities of different habitats in die Xilin River Basin. The foliar delta C-13 values of both species tended to increase with decreasing soil water content (SWC) and a significant negative correlation was found between foliar delta C-13 Values and SWC in different soil layers, indicating that the two species could change WUE according to water availability. We also found relatively constant leaf water contents (LWC) of the two species in different habitats. Our results implied that the two steppe species might have adapted to different soil water regimes either through adjusting stomatal conductance to get a proper WUE, or through enhancing the osmosis-regulating ability to keep a relatively stable LWC. Our findings could partially explain why the two plant species have a wide distribution range and become dominant in the Xilin River Basin.
文摘The present paper seeks to investigate the extent to which digital activism plays a role in political activism in Morocco through the intersection between women and young activists movement and the social media. By doing so the author argues that while facebook and the Moroccan political arena are Male dominated public areas, young female activists have emerged as prominent leaders in both spaces. The author will more particularly explain why female and youth activists are important in the current state of Moroccan politics. Next, the author provides a discussion of the February 20th Movement, and the movement＇s utilization of Facebook. It will show that young female activists involved in the February 20th Movement have used Facebook in unique and creative ways to further the Movement.
文摘The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It allows one to eliminate the plant materials （initial breeding materials and cultivars） which do not tolerate extreme temperatures and temperature changes during germination, have low water use efficiency and is intolerant to abiotic stressors all right at the seed level. It was confirmed that these genotypes also have poor t^eld emergence and initial root growth implications for further vegetation periods, mainly for over wintering and spring regeneration which has significant influence on the yield. The method also represents the tool for screening genetic resources with the resistance to the abiotic stressors and this technology process is also acceptable for other crops. The results confirm the importance of the seed and root characteristics for crop production. The deteriorating quality of soil in recent years, increasing variability of weather and long periods of drought directly support the need to intensify activities in this research. Obtained results also show the influence of seed quality characteristics on roots and above ground parts of the plant. A relationship exists also vice versa.
文摘In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South of the mainland due to strong influence by rainfall distribution. Grasses and grazing cover 3.4 million ha of Italian utilized agricultural area （UAA） while alternated grassland and grass meadows cover 1.9 million ha. Most of grasslands are located in hilly and mountainous areas and are important for reducing erosion. Italy has a great longitudinal extension which accounts for a great variety of climate systems and soils： the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate and differ greatly from the south part that fits the Mediterranean climate profile. During the last 100/150 years the Italian climate has become warmer and drier showing an increase of erratic precipitation intensity. The future of breeding of forage grasses and legumes should be focused on higher nutrient use efficiencies and increased sustainability. New applications of genomics and bioinformatics will allow advanced breeding strategies. Over the past 15 years breeders have displayed a constant interest in forage species while a greater interest has risen in turfgrass varieties. Seed production of Italian herbages does not cover the requirements of the market. More specific value for cultivation and use （VCU） tests might be an effective means to improve the screening of candidate varieties. The goal is the selection of varieties able to withstand the stress of climate change, have better water and nitrogen use efficiency and resilience of vegetation cover.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2011BAD31B04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41371235 and 41171191)
文摘Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving crop growth are not well understood. The objectives of this study were i) to determine the crop responses to biochar addition and ii) to understand the effect of biochar addition on N use efficiency. Seven acidic red soils varying in texture, p H, and soil nutrient were taken from southern China and subjected to four treatments: zero biochar and fertilizer as a control(CK), 10 g kg-1biochar(BC), NPK fertilizers(NPK), and 10 g kg-1biochar plus NPK fertilizers(BC+NPK).15N-labeled fertilizer was used as a tracer to assess N use efficiency. After a 46-d pot experiment,biochar addition increased soil p H and available P, and decreased soil exchangable Al3+, but did not impact soil availabe N and cation exchange capacity(P > 0.05). The N use efficiency and N retained in the soil were not significantly affected by biochar application except for the soil with the lowest available P(3.81 mg kg-1) and highest exchanageable Al3+(4.54 cmol kg-1). Greater maize biomass was observed in all soils amended with biochar compared to soils without biochar(BC vs. CK, BC+NPK vs. NPK). This agronomic effect was negatively related to the concentration of soil exchangeable Al3+(P < 0.1). The results of this study implied that the liming effect of biochar improved plant growth through alleviating Al toxicity and P deficiency, especially in poor acidic red soils.
