Valve spring steel for engines, belonging to the class of super clean steel, must be supported due to their application, high numbers of cycles in fatigue and cannot suffer any type of failure, which would be catastro...Valve spring steel for engines, belonging to the class of super clean steel, must be supported due to their application, high numbers of cycles in fatigue and cannot suffer any type of failure, which would be catastrophic for the vehicle. From these considerations, it was tested in axial fatigue, a test that can detect possible internal defects in their structure, caused by inclusions, a class of valve spring steel, where it aimed to discover the values of their fatigue life, followed by an analysis ofmicrostructural fracture surface by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）. It was proved, after testing, the specimens tested broke up a number of cycles always compatible with the life work of a valve spring and that fractures always occurred by surface defects in the specimens.展开更多
Single battery failure will change other batteries＇ load in a power battery pack. Based on the cumulative failure probability equality principle, this paper considers the relationship between the load and the battery...Single battery failure will change other batteries＇ load in a power battery pack. Based on the cumulative failure probability equality principle, this paper considers the relationship between the load and the battery life distribution, and constructs a reliability model for the parallel subsystem of the battery pack when a single battery fails, and then compares the lifetime and reliability as a function of load and cell design. The result proves that the k-out-of-n system approaches closed to the parallel subsystem of the power battery pack.展开更多
The severe bulk recombination and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction(OER)dynamics of photoanodes severely restrict the application of photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices.To solve these two problems,crystallographic facet...The severe bulk recombination and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction(OER)dynamics of photoanodes severely restrict the application of photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices.To solve these two problems,crystallographic facet orientation and cocatalyst emergence with a high-quality photoanode/cocatalyst interface were realized through an air annealing-assisted strategy to treat atomic layer deposition(ALD)-modified SnSnanosheet arrays.Based on experimental observations and theoretical calculations,the reduced(001)crystal facet of SnSdecreases the recombination of photogenerated carriers in the bulk and improves the carrier separation of the photoanode.Moreover,the unexpectedly formed ZnTiOSfilm decreases the overpotential of the surface OER,reduces interface recombination,and extends the carrier lifetime.These synergistic effects lead to significantly enhanced PEC performance,with a high photocurrent density of 1.97 mA cm^(-2)at 1.23 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a low onset potential of 0.21 V vs.RHE,which are superior to reported mostly SnS-based photoanodes.展开更多
文摘Valve spring steel for engines, belonging to the class of super clean steel, must be supported due to their application, high numbers of cycles in fatigue and cannot suffer any type of failure, which would be catastrophic for the vehicle. From these considerations, it was tested in axial fatigue, a test that can detect possible internal defects in their structure, caused by inclusions, a class of valve spring steel, where it aimed to discover the values of their fatigue life, followed by an analysis ofmicrostructural fracture surface by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）. It was proved, after testing, the specimens tested broke up a number of cycles always compatible with the life work of a valve spring and that fractures always occurred by surface defects in the specimens.
文摘Single battery failure will change other batteries＇ load in a power battery pack. Based on the cumulative failure probability equality principle, this paper considers the relationship between the load and the battery life distribution, and constructs a reliability model for the parallel subsystem of the battery pack when a single battery fails, and then compares the lifetime and reliability as a function of load and cell design. The result proves that the k-out-of-n system approaches closed to the parallel subsystem of the power battery pack.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1500800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52025028)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionssupport of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21973006)。
文摘The severe bulk recombination and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction(OER)dynamics of photoanodes severely restrict the application of photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices.To solve these two problems,crystallographic facet orientation and cocatalyst emergence with a high-quality photoanode/cocatalyst interface were realized through an air annealing-assisted strategy to treat atomic layer deposition(ALD)-modified SnSnanosheet arrays.Based on experimental observations and theoretical calculations,the reduced(001)crystal facet of SnSdecreases the recombination of photogenerated carriers in the bulk and improves the carrier separation of the photoanode.Moreover,the unexpectedly formed ZnTiOSfilm decreases the overpotential of the surface OER,reduces interface recombination,and extends the carrier lifetime.These synergistic effects lead to significantly enhanced PEC performance,with a high photocurrent density of 1.97 mA cm^(-2)at 1.23 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a low onset potential of 0.21 V vs.RHE,which are superior to reported mostly SnS-based photoanodes.
