苔藓动物主要类群28SrDNA多变区的分子形态分析及其系统学意义

测定了苔藓动物主要代表类群3种苔虫的28S rDNA全序列（3 459～3 613 bp）,结合已公布的相关类群的28S rDNA全序列数据,分析了其一级结构特征,并分别绘制了D2、D3和D8区段的二级结构.比较分析结果显示：各类群的全序列总长均超过3 300 bp,GC含量为41.8%～57.7%;D3和D8区段的二级结构保守性较高,D2区差异显著;各区段的长度变化较大,但是,大多都具有相似的主干结构.基于二级结构多变区分子形态学特征的比较基本和基于一级结构的分子系统学结论相吻合,提示它们同样包含着重要的系统发育信息.

一株产色素真菌的形态及分子鉴定

从云南高原地区的竹叶病理组织上分离到1株可产生红棕色素的丝状真菌ZL07-8。通过对分生孢子梗、分生孢子、喙等的形态学研究及对ITS和5.8S rRNA序列的分子系统学分析,发现此菌为链格孢属小孢子种群成员。然而该菌具有区别于已知种的特征,如分生孢子梗常单生,少数成簇,无分枝;分生孢子大多单生,较少链生,孢身较大;寄主为华西箭竹,故立为竹链格孢新种。干制培养物ZL07-8D保藏于山东理工大学生命科学学院实验室。

Boehmeria nivea var. strigosa (Urticaceae), a new variety from Southwest China

Boehmeria nivea var.strigosa Zeng Y.Wu&Y.Zhao,a new variety of B.nivea(Urticaceae)from Southwest China,is here described based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny.This new variety is mainly characterized by its green abaxial leaf blade,partly connate stipules,and densely patent strigose hairs on stems and potioles.The phylogenetic analysis based on rbc L,nrDNA and rbc L+nrDNA datasets,revealed that all individuals of B.nivea var.strigosa formed a monophyletic group.The conservation status of B.nivea var.strigosa is assessed as“Near Threatened”(NT)according to IUCN evaluation criteria.The discovery of this new variety is not only crucial for the taxonomy of ramie,but also provides reference for the exploration and utilization of ramie.

冲击荷载作用下不同煤阶煤的结构演化特征研究

瓦斯的高效抽采和合理利用对于防治煤矿瓦斯灾害、改善空气质量和增加清洁能源供应都具有十分重要的意义。为探讨冲击荷载对煤体的微观孔隙结构和大分子形态学结构的影响,以褐煤(HM)、烟煤(YM)和无烟煤(WY)为研究对象,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(Separated Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB)冲击试验系统模拟冲击应力在不同衰减过程中的冲击波和应力波,结合低温液氮和拉曼光谱测试数据,研究了冲击荷载作用下不同煤阶煤的结构演化特征和规律。结果表明,在冲击荷载的作用下,褐煤、烟煤和无烟煤的液氮总吸附量、总比表面积和总孔体积都减小(例如,在冲击荷载分别为0、0.5、0.75和1.0 MPa时,HM-0、HM-1、HM-2和HM-3的BJH总比表面积分别为7.066、6.611、4.468和3.548 m^(2)/g),微孔均逐渐向过渡孔或中孔转化,微孔的占比减小,而过渡孔和中孔的占比之和增大。冲击荷载可以促进微孔中吸附的瓦斯有效解吸,提高过渡孔和中孔中瓦斯的扩散和渗流速度,很好地解释了煤储层在外载扰动的过程中会产生超量煤层气这一宏观现象。随着冲击荷载的逐渐增大,不同煤阶煤拉曼光谱D1峰的峰位置逐渐向高波数移动,G峰的峰位置逐渐向低波数移动,ID1/IG逐渐增大,且冲击荷载后不同煤阶煤的ID3/Itotal均较原始煤样所有减小。这表明,冲击荷载导致不同煤阶煤大分子形态学结构中微晶结构单元的破坏,微晶生长程度向无序化方向升高的方向发展,大分子内缺陷程度逐渐增加,无定形碳的相对量减少。

入侵害虫甘薯凹胫跳甲的鉴定及线粒体基因组分析

【目的】基于形态学鉴定和分子生物学技术确认甘薯凹胫跳甲Chaetocnema confinis是否入侵中国大陆,测定甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组序列,分析基因组结构及其系统发育关系。【方法】应用显微镜观察从广东不同地点采集的甘薯凹胫跳甲成虫的形态特征,并扩增cox1基因DNA序列进行分子鉴定;利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组进行测序、拼装、注释和特征分析;基于亲缘关系相近种属的线粒体基因组序列进行共线性分析和构建系统发育树,分析基因重排和系统发育关系。【结果】形态和分子鉴定结果表明大陆甘薯上发现的跳甲为甘薯凹胫跳甲。甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组序列大小为15685 bp,包括有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码控制区;这37个基因之间排列紧凑,间隔总长度101 bp,排列顺序与模式昆虫Drosophila yakuba线粒体基因排列顺序相同。甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组A+T含量为77.3%,具有明显的AT偏向性。13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子均为ATN。在22个tRNA基因中除trnS1的DHU臂缺失,trnD,trnG,trnN和trnT的二级结构中缺少TψC环外,其余17个都能形成典型的三叶草式二级结构,另trnK的反密码子突变为UUU,trnS1的反密码子突变为UCU。甘薯凹胫跳甲的控制区片段长度仅有60 bp,是目前已报道的昆虫线粒体基因组中最短的控制区。基于线粒体基因组的系统发育分析表明,甘薯凹胫跳甲与跳甲亚科(Alticinae)黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata亲缘关系最近。【结论】甘薯凹胫跳甲已经入侵到中国大陆。本研究获得了甘薯凹胫跳甲的线粒体基因组序列,为防控甘薯凹胫跳甲和分析叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)各种属间的系统发育关系奠定了基础。

First record of Biecheleria cincta (Dinophyceae) from Chinese coasts, with morphological and molecular characterization of the strains

The presence ofBiecheleria cincta （=Woloszynskia cincta） in the Chinese coasts is reported for the first time. In scanning electron microscope, three to five series of vesicles and an elongated apical vesicle （EAV） were visible in the epicone, and both the hypocone and the cingulum had three series of vesicles each. Thin sections revealed that B. cincta possesses stalked pyrenoids and an unusual eyespot consisting of a stack of cistemae with brick-like materials （type E）, thus supporting its transfer from Woloszynskia to Biecheleria. Spiny cysts formed spontaneously in culture, with an encystment rate of around 20%. Both large subunit ribosomal DNA （LSU rDNA） and internal transcribed spacer region （ITS） sequences in 12 strains from the Chinese coasts were determined. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU rDNA and ITS sequences using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood revealed two distinct ribotypes （referred to as ribotype A and B） in B. cincta. ITS region pairwise distances within B. eincta ranged from 0.024 to 0.072, suggesting the existence of a complex of cryptic species.

野生香菇菌株鉴定及其与栽培菌株的生物学特性比较

【目的】对野生香菇进行鉴定,并比较其与栽培菌株的生物学特性,为野生香菇种质资源的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用形态特征和分子序列分析方法对野生食用菌进行鉴定,并分析温度、碳源、氮源等因素对菌丝生长的影响,并比较其与6株栽培香菇的生物学特性。【结果】2株野生食用菌(林香18和林香19)鉴定为香菇,所有供试菌株均能在15~30℃条件下生长,其中,林香18在15~30℃范围内菌丝生长速度为2.5~4.7 mm/d,菌丝生长力极强;林香19在15~20℃时菌丝生长缓慢,生长速度为0.5~1.6 mm/d,在25~30℃时生长速度显著加快,为2.58~3.08 mm/d,说明林香19不耐低温。2株野生菌株在30℃时菌丝生长速度最快,分别为4.7、3.08 mm/d,且明显高于栽培菌株,属于耐高温菌株;其余6株栽培菌株在25℃时生长速度最快,为3.18~4.91 mm/d,均属于中温菌株。供试菌株L12、L26、林香19、申香34、申香60和浦香08以可溶性淀粉为最适碳源,林香18和L808的最适碳源为蔗糖,以乳糖为碳源时菌丝生长最差;供试菌株以尿素为氮源时均不能生长,以牛肉膏为氮源时菌丝生长最好,以硝酸钾为氮源时菌丝生长最差;林香18、林香19、申香60和L26最佳C/N为10/1,申香34、L12最佳C/N为30/1,浦香08和L808最佳C/N分别为40/1和50/1,由此可知,申香34、林香18和林香19菌丝生长不受C/N的影响,其余菌株均受C/N的影响。【结论】野生香菇菌株林香18和林香19均为耐高温菌株,但林香19对低温较敏感。林香18和林香19的最适碳源分别为蔗糖和可溶性淀粉,最适氮源分别为牛肉膏和蛋白胨,最适C/N均为10/1。研究明确了野生香菇林香18和林香19菌丝生长的营养需求和条件,研究结果可为耐高温香菇新品种的选育提供新材料。

A new species of the genus Coccophagus(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)associated with Sphaerolecanium prunastri(Hemiptera:Coccoidea)from the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang

To investigate the natural parasitoid enemies of Sphaerolecanium prunastri,a scale insect which harms wild fruit forests in western Tianshan,Xinjiang,branches seriously damaged by S.prunastri were collected and cultured in glass jars for obtaining natural parasitoids.Coccophagus tianshanensis Li&Yao sp.nov.,a new species of Coccophagus(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)was gained and identified based on the morphological and molecular data.Morphological characteristics of C.tianshanensis are described in detail,and COI and 28S sequences are determined.In addition,a key to species of the genus Coccophagus in the world parasitizing S.prunastri was established.This investigation has found a potential natural enemy of the S.prunastri in the wild fruit forests of the West Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,and establishes a new natural enemy for biocontrol of this pest.

Charaterization of Citrus Hybrid ＂Huangguogan＂ through the Combination of Morphological and Molecular Markers

Huangguogan, an obvious Citrus hybrid, is suitable for transportation and export and ripens in March or April. Because of late season, it may playa significant role in fruit market. However, its origin is still unconfirmed. The aim of this study was to clarify the possible parentage of Huangguogan via the combination of morphological and molecular markers including simple sequence repeat （SSR） and chloroplast simple sequence repeat （cpSSR）. Analysis of morphological traits including leaf stalk length, phylliform index and fruit shape index indicated that Huangguogan had similarities in morphology with Sweet orange. The SSR Cluster Analysis showed that Huangguogan was clustered together with Hongju tangerine and revealed -80% genetic similarity. They illustrated a close genetic distance between Huangguogan and Hongju tangerine. In addition, the bands of2 polymorphic cpSSR were identical in Huangguoggan and Sweet orange. Consequently, it is likely that its female parentage was the sweet orange （Citrus sinensis （L.） Osbeck） and its male parentage was the tangerine （Citrus reticulata Blanco）.

Monophyly or polyphyly? Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations of the wellknown genus Zoothamnium(Ciliophora,Peritrichia)

In this paper, we explore possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations of phylogenetic relationships within the well-known peritrichous genus Zoothamnium. On the basis of morphological evidence, for a long time this genus has been believed to be a well-defined monophyletic taxon. Nonetheless, Zoothamnium exhibits higher genetic diversity than the gross morphology of its species. Here, we used all available genetic information for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA （SSU rRNA） and internal transcribed spacer region （ITS1-5.8S-ITS2） for this genus to reconstruct phylogenies for four datasets （SSU rRNA, ITS1, ITS2, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2） and a combined dataset （SSU rRNA＋ITSI-5.8S- ITS2） using different phylogenetic methods and with consideration of the secondary structure of the genes. Confidence in phylogenetic tree selection was assessed with the approximately unbiased test. The molecular results showed both that Zoothamnium is more likely to be polyphyletic, and morphologically similar genera Zoothamnopsis and Myoschiston were always nested among Zoothamnium species. Accordingly, as with some other groups of ciliates, to understand more fully the correct phylogeny of Zoothamnium there remains a need for additional data from both morphological and molecular studies, covering additional Zoothamnium spp. and members of closely related genera （e.g. Zoothamnopsis, Myoschiston, and Epistylis）.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.(Cnidaria:Octocorallia),a new bubblegum coral species from a seamount in the tropical Western Pacific

A new species of bubblegum coral, Paragorgia rubra sp. nov., discovered from a seamount at a water depth of 373 m near the Yap Trench is studied using morphological and molecular approaches. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is the fourth species of the genus found in the tropical Western Pacific. The new gorgonian is red-colored, uniplanar, and measures approximately 530 mm high and 440 mm wide, with autozooids distributed only on one side of the colony. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is most similar to P. kaupeka Sainchez, 2005, but differs distinctly in the polyp ovals with large and compound protuberances （vs. small and simple conical protuberances） and the medullar spindles possessing simple conical protuberances （vs. compound protuberances）. Moreover, P. rubra sp. nov. differs from P. kaupeka in the smaller length/ width ratio of surface radiates （1.53 vs. 1.75 ）. The genetic distance of the mtMutS gene between P. rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka is 0.66%, while the intraspecific distances within Paragorgia Milne-Edwards ＆ Haime, 1857 except the species P. regalis complex are no more than 0.5%, further supporting the establishment of the new species. Furthermore, the ITS2 secondary structure ofP. rubra sp. nov. is also different from those of congeners. Phylogenetic analyses indicate Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka form a clade, which branched early within Paragorgia and diversified approximately 15 Mya.

Discriminating ability of molecular markers and morphological characterization in the establishment of genetic relationships in cultivated genotypes of almond and related wild species

A total 23 morphological traits, 19 AFLP-primer combinations, 80 RAPD primers and 32 SSR primer pair were used to compare the informativeness and efficiency of random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）, amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） and simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers in establishing genetic relationships among 29 almond cultivars and three related wild species. SSRs presented a high level of polymorphism and greater information content, as assessed by the expected hetrozygosity, compared to AFLPs and RAPDs. The lowest values of expected hetrozygosity were obtained for AFLPs; however AFLPs showed the highest efficiency, owing to their capacity to reveal large numbers of bands per reaction, which led to high values for various types of indices of diversity. All the three techniques discriminated almond genotypes very effectively, except that SSRs failed to discriminate between ＇Monagha＇ and ＇Sefied＇ almond genotypes. The correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for all the three marker systems, but were lower for the SSR data than for RAPDs and AFLPs. For all the markers, high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained, although some differences were observed. All the dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of all the marker data, reflect relationships for most of cultivars according to their geographic diffusion. AMOVA detected more variation among cultivated and related wild species of almond within each geographic group. Bootstrap analysis revealed that the number of markers used was sufficient for reliable estimation of genetic similarity and for meaningful comparisons of marker types.

A new species in the genus Malcus Stål(Hemiptera:Heteroptera:Malcidae)from China based on morphological and molecular data

Morphological and molecular data confirm a new species in genus Malcus from Xizang,China.Malcus zhengi sp.nov.is described and illustrated.Photos and illustrations of the adult,critical morphological characteristics and pygophore are provided.

Taxonomic revision of Gelidium tsengii and Gelidium honghaiwanense sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from China based upon molecular and morphological data analyses

The taxonomic relationship of Chinese GeBdium tsengii and Gelidium johnstonii was ambiguous. For almost 20 years they have been regarded as distinct taxa and until 2002 G.johnstonii was considered as a misapplied name of G. tsengii. In this study, herbarium specimens that initially attributed to G. tsengii and fresh G. tsengii specimens were used to address the taxonomic issues. In phylogenetic studies, G. tsengii from Dayawan, China, near the type locality of G. tsengii and G.johnstonii from Sonora, Mexico, the type locality of G. johnstonii, formed a monophyletic group with maximum support in rbcL and COl genes analyses, indicating that they were genetically identical. In morphological studies, G. tsengii was similar to G. johnstonii in branching pattern, inner structures and fructiferous organs. Consequently, we considered that semi-circular outline of G. tsengii could no longer be treated as a discrimating fea^re. G.johnstonii had priority of publication and according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, G. tsengii was proposed as a synonym of G. johnstonii. Gelidium honghaiwanense sp. nov. was described from Guangdong, China on the basis of morphological and molecular data. For vegetative structures, it was characterized by flattened upright frond, regular two-three times branches pinnate or alternate and clavate ultimate branchlets. For reproductive structures, the tetrasporangial sori were in the apical part of branches and the tetrasporangial branchlets were distichously distributed along second order branches. The present study clarified the relationship between G. tsengii and G. johnstonii from Guangdong and added a new Gelidium species to the Chinese algal flora.

DNA-assisted rational design of BaF_2 linear and erythrocyteshaped nanocrystals

The synthesis of inorganic materials with special morphologies with the assistance of biological molecules is a potential development in the field of controllable growth and assembly of nanomaterials. In this paper, BaF2 nanocrystals in patterns of well-defined linear and erythrocyte-shaped structure were synthesized with the assistance of Escherichia coil DNA. Morphology and the arrangement of BaF2 particles on DNA were controllable by altering the reaction condition. Square nanoparticles arranged in linear chains were gained with the assistance of normal DNA; while, erythrocyte-shaped BaF2 nanospheres were synthesized with the assistance of denatured DNA. Besides, the influences of solvent, reaction temperature, concentration of reactants and the heating time on the morphology of the BaF2 particles were studied.

Morphological and molecular studies on Garra imberba and its related species in China

Garra imberba is widely distributed in China. At the moment, both Garra yiliangensis and G. hainanensis are treated as valid species, but they were initially named as a subspecies of G. pingi, a junior synonym of G. imberba. Garra alticorpora and G. nujiangensis also have similar morphological characters to G. imberba, but the taxonomic statuses and phylogenetic relationships of these species with G. imberba remains uncertain. In this study, 128 samples from the Jinshajiang, Red, Nanpanjiang, Lancangjiang, Nujiang Rivers as well as Hainan Island were measured while 1 mitochondrial gene and 1 nuclear intron of 24 samples were sequenced to explore the phylogenetic relationship of these five species. The results showed that G. hainanensis, G. yiliangensis, G. alticorpora and G. imberba are the same species with G. imberba being the valid species name, while G. nujiangensis is a valid species in and of itself.

Using PEG as Progen to Preparate Chitosan Scaffold for Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering basically made up growing the relevant cell in vitro and extracellular matrix. A major goal of tissue engineering is to preparate porous three dimension scaffold for cell proliferate, migrate, differention and to form the structure of desirable tissue and organ. In this study, the effects of various content and macromolecular weight of PEG to chitosan were investigated and evaluated. The pore morphology of chitosan was controlled by changing the concentration and macromolecular weight of PEG. Chitosan porous scaffold has interconecting porosity. The pore morphology can be controlled with varying PEG concentration and macromolecular weight. The pore size is between 10～50 urn, the degree of swelling in water is 85.70 % .

龟鳖目淡水龟科系统发生关系的研究进展

淡水龟科是龟鳖目中物种数目最多、形态变异最多样的一个类群。其早期的系统学研究主要依据形态学和细胞学的特征,近年来,随着分子数据的不断增多,结合形态学等方法,淡水龟科系统发生学研究取得了诸多进展,但至今尚未有一致的结论。本文主要对近年来有关淡水龟科起源的单系性问题;潮龟属、闭壳龟属和拟水龟属重划分问题;潮龟属、草龟属和小棱背龟属属间关系问题;齿缘龟属、果龟属和东方龟属属间关系问题;齿缘龟属和木纹龟属属内种间关系问题研究进行了文献综述,以期为淡水龟科的系统发生关系和物种保护等研究提供参考。

Cdk phosphorylation licenses Kif4A chromosome localization required for early mitotic progression

The chromokinesin Kif4A controls proper chromosome condensation, congression/alignment, and cytokinesis to ensure faithful genetic inheritance. Here, we report that Cdk phosphorylation of human Kif4A at T1161 licenses Kif4A chromosomal localization, which, in turn, controls Kif4A early mitotic function. Phosphorylated Kif4A （Kif4A^WT） or Cdk phospho-mimetic Kif4A mutant （Kif4A^TE） associated with chromosomes and condensin I （non-SMC subunit CAP-G and core subunit SMC2） to regulate chromosome condensation, spindle morphology, and chromosome congression/alignment in early mitosis. In contrast, Cdk non-phosphorylatable Kif4A mutant （Kif4A^TA） could neither localize on chromosomes nor associate with CAP-G and SMC2. Furthermore, Kif4A^TA could not rescue defective chromosome condensation, spindle morphology, or chromosome congression/alignment in cells depleted of endogenous Kif4A, which activated a mitotic checkpoint and delayed early mitotic progression. However, targeting Kif4A^TA to chromosomes by fusion of Kif4A^TA with Histone H1 resulted in restoration of chromosome and spindle functions of Kif4A, similar to Kif4A^WT and Kif4A^TE, in cells depleted of endogenous Kif4A. Thus, our results demonstrate that Cdk phosphorylation-licensed chromosomal localization of Kif4A plays a critical role in regulating early mitotic functions of Kif4A that are important for early mitotic progression.

POSS-embedded supramolecular hyperbranched polymers constructed from a 1→7 branching monomer with controllable morphology transitions

The research on the supramolecular hyperbranched polymers(SHPs) that combines the advantages of supramolecular polymer and hyperbranched architecture has attracted considerable interests in many applications. Here we demonstrate a simple approach to prepare POSS-embedded supramolecular hyperbranched polymers(POSS-SHPs) with varied morphology and size by controlling monomer concentration and mixed solvents. The SHPs formations can further transfer into the core-shell structured micelles by addition of competitive guests based on the double supramolecular driving forces.