Functional analysis of control genes is playing an important role in animal development.The research is mainly focused on developing a method of estimating the gene's effect or function in the development of anima...Functional analysis of control genes is playing an important role in animal development.The research is mainly focused on developing a method of estimating the gene's effect or function in the development of animals.In this article,the gene's expression and control are described by models of quantitative genetics,which include the genetic models about the genes with no interaction and interaction effect.On this basis,a method analyzing the functions of control genes in batches is advanced,the method includes three steps as follows: Firstly,describe the gene's expression and control with multiple regression models in statistic method in different conditions.Secondly,collect the material of gene's polymorphism related to the gene's expression and control.Because,gene's polymorphism or the codominant molecular marker electropherogram in a gene locus present 3 states,and can be expressed with -1,0 and 1 respectively.The author thinks it can be regarded as levels in orthogonal layout.Discard the materials of gene's polymorphism not fitting the orthogonal layout,and use the materials of gene's polymorphism fitting the orthogonal layout as the data to estimate the gene's effects.Thirdly,analyze the gene's effect or function with equations as follows:suppose that a quantitative trait is controlled by N gene loci,in each locus there are two alleles,the alleles' effects are A GM1 ?a GM1 ;A GM2 ? a GM2 ;...;A GMi ?a GMi ;...;A GMN ;a GMN units respectively.When the genotype in a locus is heterozygous A GMi a GMi ,the interaction coefficient of alleles in a locus is K units.If there is no interaction among different gene loci,the author thinks,the gene's effects and gene's type can be estimated by using such equation: P GM =2∑Ni=1(A i-a i+K i)+∑Ni=1(A i-a i)M GMi -∑Ni=1K GMi M GMi 2 If there are interactions among different gene loci,and the effect of the x th gene's state combined with the y th gene's state in the k th gene group is defined as Y xyr ,and let gene group electropherogram states be r (where r∈ ),the author thinks,the gene group's effects can be estimated by the equation: Y xyr = K PCxy0 +K PCxy r+K PCxy' r 2+K PCxy'' 3+K PCxy(3') r 4+K PCxy(4') r 5+K PCxy(5') r 6+K PCxy(6') r 7+K PCxy(7') r 8 If there are interactions among more genes,the analogous method can also be used. In this way,be using the gene's codominent marker materials fitting the orthogonal layout,the gene's expression and control can be researched by the method of multiple regression,the gene's relative effect can be estimated,the overdominant gene's overdominant coefficient can be assessed,the gene's type can be identified,the interaction gene group's relative effect and the interaction gene's relation can be estimated as well,and furthermore,the gene's relation can be expressed in equations.For the sake of understanding the method used in this paper,the rout to prove it is given as well.Finally,the author thinks,this method is very useful to research the gene's function in molecular developmental biology.展开更多
The completion of genome sequences and subsequent high-throughput mapping of molecular networks have allowed us to study biology from the network perspective. Experimental, statistical and mathematical modeling approa...The completion of genome sequences and subsequent high-throughput mapping of molecular networks have allowed us to study biology from the network perspective. Experimental, statistical and mathematical modeling approaches have been employed to study the structure, function and dynamics of molecular networks, and begin to reveal important links of various network properties to the functions of the biological systems. In agreement with these functional links, evolutionary selection of a network is apparently based on the function, rather than directly on the structure of the network. Dynamic modularity is one of the prominent features of molecular networks. Taking advantage of such a feature may simplify network-based biological studies through construction of process-specific modular networks and provide functional and mechanistic insights linking genotypic variations to complex traits or diseases, which is likely to be a key approach in the next wave of understanding complex human diseases. With the development of ready-to-use network analysis and modeling tools the networks approaches will be infused into everyday biological research in the near future.展开更多
The genome sequence information in combination with DNA microarrays promises to revolutionize the way of cellu-lar and molecular biological research by allowing complex mixtures of RNA and DNA to interrogated in a par...The genome sequence information in combination with DNA microarrays promises to revolutionize the way of cellu-lar and molecular biological research by allowing complex mixtures of RNA and DNA to interrogated in a parallel and quantita-tive fashion. DNA microarrays can be used to measure levels of gene expression for tens of thousands of gene simultane-ously and take advantage of all available sequence information for experimental design and data interpretation in pursuit of biological understanding. Recent progress in experimental genomics allows DNA microarrays not simply to provide a cata-logue of all the genes and information about their function, but to understand how the components work together to comprise functioning cells and organisms. This brief review gives a survey of DNA microarrays technology and its applications in ge-nome and gene function analysis, gene expression studies, biological signal and defense system, cell cycle regulation, mechanism of transcriptional regulation, proteomics, and the functionality of food component.展开更多
Antimicrobial peptides,including defensins,are essential effectors in host defence and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.Clinical studies have linked the defective expression of both α-and β-defensin to the r...Antimicrobial peptides,including defensins,are essential effectors in host defence and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.Clinical studies have linked the defective expression of both α-and β-defensin to the reduced killing of certain microorganisms by the intestinal mucosa of patients suffering from ileal and colonic Crohn's disease(CD),respectively.Only recently have the events leading to defective expression of defensins in CD been further elucidated,and are discussed herein.These events may account for CD-associated alterations in the microbiome and may subsequently precipitate the development of granulomatous inflammatory lesions in genetically-predisposed patients.We also address how these discoveries may pave the way for the development of a molecular medicine aimed at restoring gut barrier function in CD.展开更多
Proteins possess many biological functions.However, they can easily degrade or aggregate, thus losing their bioactivity. Therefore, it is very important to develop materials capable of interacting with proteins and fo...Proteins possess many biological functions.However, they can easily degrade or aggregate, thus losing their bioactivity. Therefore, it is very important to develop materials capable of interacting with proteins and forming nanostructures for protein storage and delivery. In this study,we serendipitously found a novel peptide-based supramolecular protein glue(Nap-GFFYK(γE)2-NH2, compound 1) that could co-assemble with proteins into nanofibers and hydrogels. We found that compound 1 rapidly folded into a β-sheet conformation upon contact with many proteins but not with polymers. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy(TIRFM) images clearly show the formation of co-assembled nanofibers by proteins and the peptide. The supramolecular protein glue could improve the dispersion of enzymes(lipase and lysozyme) and therefore enhance their catalytic activity,especially at high temperatures. More importantly, the supramolecular protein glue could co-assemble with two enzymes, glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase(GOx/HRP)and GOx/cytochrome c(cyt c), to form nanofibers that significantly enhanced the catalytic activity of tandem enzymatic reactions. We envisioned the great potential of our supramolecular protein glue for protein storage, delivery, and bioactivity manipulation.展开更多
文摘Functional analysis of control genes is playing an important role in animal development.The research is mainly focused on developing a method of estimating the gene's effect or function in the development of animals.In this article,the gene's expression and control are described by models of quantitative genetics,which include the genetic models about the genes with no interaction and interaction effect.On this basis,a method analyzing the functions of control genes in batches is advanced,the method includes three steps as follows: Firstly,describe the gene's expression and control with multiple regression models in statistic method in different conditions.Secondly,collect the material of gene's polymorphism related to the gene's expression and control.Because,gene's polymorphism or the codominant molecular marker electropherogram in a gene locus present 3 states,and can be expressed with -1,0 and 1 respectively.The author thinks it can be regarded as levels in orthogonal layout.Discard the materials of gene's polymorphism not fitting the orthogonal layout,and use the materials of gene's polymorphism fitting the orthogonal layout as the data to estimate the gene's effects.Thirdly,analyze the gene's effect or function with equations as follows:suppose that a quantitative trait is controlled by N gene loci,in each locus there are two alleles,the alleles' effects are A GM1 ?a GM1 ;A GM2 ? a GM2 ;...;A GMi ?a GMi ;...;A GMN ;a GMN units respectively.When the genotype in a locus is heterozygous A GMi a GMi ,the interaction coefficient of alleles in a locus is K units.If there is no interaction among different gene loci,the author thinks,the gene's effects and gene's type can be estimated by using such equation: P GM =2∑Ni=1(A i-a i+K i)+∑Ni=1(A i-a i)M GMi -∑Ni=1K GMi M GMi 2 If there are interactions among different gene loci,and the effect of the x th gene's state combined with the y th gene's state in the k th gene group is defined as Y xyr ,and let gene group electropherogram states be r (where r∈ ),the author thinks,the gene group's effects can be estimated by the equation: Y xyr = K PCxy0 +K PCxy r+K PCxy' r 2+K PCxy'' 3+K PCxy(3') r 4+K PCxy(4') r 5+K PCxy(5') r 6+K PCxy(6') r 7+K PCxy(7') r 8 If there are interactions among more genes,the analogous method can also be used. In this way,be using the gene's codominent marker materials fitting the orthogonal layout,the gene's expression and control can be researched by the method of multiple regression,the gene's relative effect can be estimated,the overdominant gene's overdominant coefficient can be assessed,the gene's type can be identified,the interaction gene group's relative effect and the interaction gene's relation can be estimated as well,and furthermore,the gene's relation can be expressed in equations.For the sake of understanding the method used in this paper,the rout to prove it is given as well.Finally,the author thinks,this method is very useful to research the gene's function in molecular developmental biology.
文摘The completion of genome sequences and subsequent high-throughput mapping of molecular networks have allowed us to study biology from the network perspective. Experimental, statistical and mathematical modeling approaches have been employed to study the structure, function and dynamics of molecular networks, and begin to reveal important links of various network properties to the functions of the biological systems. In agreement with these functional links, evolutionary selection of a network is apparently based on the function, rather than directly on the structure of the network. Dynamic modularity is one of the prominent features of molecular networks. Taking advantage of such a feature may simplify network-based biological studies through construction of process-specific modular networks and provide functional and mechanistic insights linking genotypic variations to complex traits or diseases, which is likely to be a key approach in the next wave of understanding complex human diseases. With the development of ready-to-use network analysis and modeling tools the networks approaches will be infused into everyday biological research in the near future.
文摘The genome sequence information in combination with DNA microarrays promises to revolutionize the way of cellu-lar and molecular biological research by allowing complex mixtures of RNA and DNA to interrogated in a parallel and quantita-tive fashion. DNA microarrays can be used to measure levels of gene expression for tens of thousands of gene simultane-ously and take advantage of all available sequence information for experimental design and data interpretation in pursuit of biological understanding. Recent progress in experimental genomics allows DNA microarrays not simply to provide a cata-logue of all the genes and information about their function, but to understand how the components work together to comprise functioning cells and organisms. This brief review gives a survey of DNA microarrays technology and its applications in ge-nome and gene function analysis, gene expression studies, biological signal and defense system, cell cycle regulation, mechanism of transcriptional regulation, proteomics, and the functionality of food component.
文摘Antimicrobial peptides,including defensins,are essential effectors in host defence and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.Clinical studies have linked the defective expression of both α-and β-defensin to the reduced killing of certain microorganisms by the intestinal mucosa of patients suffering from ileal and colonic Crohn's disease(CD),respectively.Only recently have the events leading to defective expression of defensins in CD been further elucidated,and are discussed herein.These events may account for CD-associated alterations in the microbiome and may subsequently precipitate the development of granulomatous inflammatory lesions in genetically-predisposed patients.We also address how these discoveries may pave the way for the development of a molecular medicine aimed at restoring gut barrier function in CD.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(31825012)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1103502)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,51773097,51873156 and 21876116)Tianjin Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(17JCJQJC44900)the National Program for Support of Topnotch Young Professionalsthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Tianjin(TJSQNTJ-2017-16)
文摘Proteins possess many biological functions.However, they can easily degrade or aggregate, thus losing their bioactivity. Therefore, it is very important to develop materials capable of interacting with proteins and forming nanostructures for protein storage and delivery. In this study,we serendipitously found a novel peptide-based supramolecular protein glue(Nap-GFFYK(γE)2-NH2, compound 1) that could co-assemble with proteins into nanofibers and hydrogels. We found that compound 1 rapidly folded into a β-sheet conformation upon contact with many proteins but not with polymers. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy(TIRFM) images clearly show the formation of co-assembled nanofibers by proteins and the peptide. The supramolecular protein glue could improve the dispersion of enzymes(lipase and lysozyme) and therefore enhance their catalytic activity,especially at high temperatures. More importantly, the supramolecular protein glue could co-assemble with two enzymes, glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase(GOx/HRP)and GOx/cytochrome c(cyt c), to form nanofibers that significantly enhanced the catalytic activity of tandem enzymatic reactions. We envisioned the great potential of our supramolecular protein glue for protein storage, delivery, and bioactivity manipulation.
