分子生物学方法在丝虫病免疫学诊断上的应用

在丝虫病免疫病理学和保护性免疫研究中,了解流行地区人群感染状况的特征是很重要的。这样的流行病学调查需要一种通过检测特异性抗体或循环抗原以确定丝虫感染的现场实验法。各种线虫抗原间严重的交叉反应及缺乏足够的动物模型,以提供充足的虫体抗原材料,这两种原因阻碍了高度特异性诊断方法的发展。分子生物学方法有可能达此目标。把免疫寄生虫学知识和基因克隆及DNA基本技术结合起来,能创建一个理想的技术。

喷气燃料中污染微生物检测方法概况

微生物污染不仅降解喷气燃料,还严重威胁储存和飞行安全。喷气燃料中污染微生物的检测是有效治理微生物污染的前提。基于此,本文将喷气燃料中污染微生物检测方法分为传统法、分析生物学法以及分子生物学方法,并对三种方法优缺点进行了详细介绍。最后对喷气燃料中污染微生物检测方法进行了展望。

3种气单胞菌鉴定方法的比较

采用分子生物学检测方法、API 20NE生化鉴定法以及梅里埃(VITEK MS)全自动快速微生物质谱检测法,对60株试验菌株进行种属鉴定,比较3种鉴定方法的准确性和优缺点。对试验菌株进行16S r DNA特异性引物扩增和测序,确定菌株种属,并作为比较3种鉴定方法的标准。随后用API 20NE生化鉴定法和梅里埃(VITEK MS)全自动快速微生物质谱检测法,对试验菌株进行鉴定。结果显示,分子生物学方法和生化鉴定法,对60株菌的检出率均为100%,而质谱仪的检出率仅为60.0%。使用分子生物学法共检出44株气单胞菌(100%),准确率为100%;使用生化鉴定法对气单胞菌的检出率为88.6%,准确率为59.1%;使用质谱仪对气单胞菌的检出率为54.5%,准确率为38.6%。3种鉴定方法对气单胞菌的检出率和准确率从大到小为:分子生物学法、API 20NE生化鉴定、质谱仪。

常用植物病毒病检测技术比较

概述了生物学检测法(Biology detection)、电镜检测技术(Technology of electron microscopy)、血清学方法(Serological detection assay)和分子生物学检测技术(Molecular biological detection assay)的原理、操作环节及各自优缺点,为生产工作中选择植物病毒病检测方法提供参考。

科学心理学:路在何方——信息加工心理学诞生后的几个基本变化

近20年来,科学心理学研究不再局限于信息加工层次上,而是扩展到包括心理的神经机制、分子机制、神经系统本质和并行分布式信息加工的多层次,而且意识问题已开始成为多学科关注的焦点;方法上相应地由以反应时方法、出声思考方法和计算机模拟方法等为主,变为以脑成像等神经科学方法、分子生物学方法、人工神经网络模拟方法和启动效应方法等为主,研究的指标也由意识外显的心理行为指标为主变为以物理、化学、生理指标和意识所不能直接外显的内隐指标为主,出现了新神经主义和新生物学主义的倾向;联结主义取代符号主义成为方法论思想主流;符号理论已基本被放弃,但新的理论并未建立。这其实是在“心理学科学范式”这一根本问题上发生了改变,即（智能）系统范式取代了经典的（信息加工）过程范式。

Review of Research Methods on Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） are essential functional microbiology in natural ecosystems. It is very important to research community composition and di- versity of AMF for achieving sustainable development of ecosystems. The paper described several methods of researching the diversity of AMF, especially for molecular techniques, reviewed the application status of these methods in AMF research, and pointed out that the effective combination of morphological and molecular methods could better reveal the biodiversity and ecological functions of AMF in natural ecosystems.

Measurement of Serum Total and Free Prostate-Specific Antigen for Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Women

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value and the relationship between the clinicopathological features and the levels of total and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in women with breast cancer.Methods: Using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay system, we measured the concentrations of these markers in the sera of 85 women with breast cancer and in 30 healthy women.Rseults: The lowest detection level for both markers was 0.01 ng/ml. Free PSA levels were significantly higher in women with breast cancer than that in healthy women (P<0.05). The percentage of free PSA predominant subjects was 37.6% in breast cancer patients and 3.3% in healthy women. Cut-off values were 0.36 ng/ml for total PSA and 0.02 ng/ml for free PSA. In women with breast cancer, total PSA positivity was 23.5% and free PSA positivity was 27.1%. Compared to negatives, total PSA positive patients had a higher percentage of lymph node involvement tumours (P>0.05). However, patients with predominant free PSA had a higher percentage of early stage than patients with predominant PSA-ACT.Conclusion: Although the sensitivity of free PSA predominance is low (37.6%) in distinguishing women with breast cancer from healthy women, its specificity is high (97.0%).Free PSA predominance tends to be present in early stage tumours. These findings may indicate clinical significance of preoperative measurement of serum total and free PSA in women with breast cancer.

Tracing Changes in the Microbial Community of a Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soil by Culture-Dependent Proteomics

Hydrocarbon contamination may affect the soil microbial community, in terms of both diversity and function. A laboratory experiment was set-up, with a semi-arid control soil and the same soil but artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to follow changes in the dominant species of the microbial community in the hydrocarbon-polluted soil via proteomics. Analysis of the proteins extracted from enriched cultures growing in Luria-Bertani （LB） media showed a change in the microbial community. The majority of the proteins were related to gIycolysis pathways, structural or protein synthesis. The results showed a relative increase in the complexity of the soil microbial community with hydrocarbon contamination, especially after 15 days of incubation. Species such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Synechococcus elongatus and different Clostridium sp. were adapted to contamination, not appearing in the control soil, although Bacillus sp. dominated the growing in LB in any of the treatments. We conclude that the identification of microbial species in soil extracts by culture-dependent proteomics is able to partially explain the changes in the diversity of the soil microbial community in hydrocarbon polluted semi-arid soils, but this information is much more limited than that provided by molecular methods.

Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori

Genomic sequences have been determined for a number of strains of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） and related bacteria. With the development of microarray analysis and the wide use of subtractive hybridization techniques, comparative studies have been carried out with respect to the interstrain differences between H pylori and inter-species differences in the genome of related bacteria. It was found that the core genome of H pylori constitutes 1111 genes that are determinants of the species properties. A great pool of auxiliary genes are mainly from the categories of cag pathogenicity islands, outer membrane proteins, restriction-modification system and hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Persistence of H pylori in the human stomach leads to the diversification of the genome. Comparative genomics suggest that a host jump has occurs from humans to felines. Candidate genes specific for the development of the gastric diseases were identified. With the aid of proteomics, population genetics and other molecular methods, future comparative genomic studies would dramatically promote our understanding of the evolution, pathogenesis and microbiology of Hpylori.

Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Seagrass Rhizosphere Soil

Phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains(6 Nos.) were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of two seagrasses(Halophila ovalis(R.Br.) Hook and Halodule pinifolia(Miki) Hartog) in the Vellar estuary.Experimental studies found that the strain PSSG6 was effective in phosphate solubilization with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 375 ± 8.54,followed by the strain PSSG5 with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 275 ± 27.3.Of the 6 strains isolated,the strains PSSG4 and PSSG5 be-longed to the genus Bacillus,and PSSG1,PSSG2 and PSSG3 were identified as Citrobacter sp.,Shigella sp.,and Klebsiella sp.,respectively,by conventional method,and PSSG6 was identified as Bacillus circulans using conventional and molecular methods.

Comparative systems biology between human and animal models based on next-generation sequencing methods

Animal models provide myriad benefits to both experimental and clinical research. Unfortunately, in many situations, they fall short of expected results or provide contradictory results. In part, this can be the result of traditional molecular biological approaches that are relatively inefficient in elucidating underlying molecular mechanism. To improve the efficacy of animal models, a technological breakthrough is required. The growing availability and application of the high-throughput methods make systematic comparisons between human and animal models easier to perform. In the present study, we introduce the concept of the comparative systems biology, which we define as "comparisons of biological systems in different states or species used to achieve an integrated understanding of life forms with all their characteristic complexity of interactions at multiple levels". Furthermore, we discuss the applications of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq technologies to comparative systems biology between human and animal models and assess the potential applications for this approach in the future studies.

Bilingual teaching of molecular biology

Recently bilingual teaching in China＇s universities has been widely carded out and become a popular subject for study. In this paper, the reasons for bilingual teaching of molecular biology are pointed out, the textbook of molecular biology and teaching method in bilingual teaching classes are determined after investigation and the practice of bilingually teaching molecular biology use both English and Chinese in a class. The effect has proved good. The bilingual teaching methods, the problem of bilingual teaching, the importance of understanding its significance and the possibilities of improving such teaching of the subject are also discussed.

Variations in Laboratory-Scale Actinomycete Communities Exposed to Cadmium as Assessed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles

The actinomycete populations and functions in cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil were investigated by the cultivation- independent molecular methods. The genomic DNA was extracted and purified from soil adulterated with various con- centrations of Cd in the laboratory. The partial 16S rDNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using specific primers bound to evolutionarily conserved regions within these actinomycete genes. The diversity in PCR- amplified products, as measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （EGGE）, was used as a genetic fingerprint of the population. Principle component analysis and Shannon-Weaver diversity index （H） analyses were used to analyze the DGGE results. Results showed that the two principal components accounted for only a low level of the total variance. The value H in contaminated soil was lower than that in the control at later stages of cultivation, whereas at earlier stages it was higher. Among the six sampling time points, the first, fifth and sixth weeks had the highest values of H. Significantly negative correlations between bioavallable Cd concentration and H values existed in the samples from weeks 2 （R = 0.929, P 〈 0.05） and 4 （R = 0.909, P 〈 0.05）. These results may shed light on the effect of Cd on the soil environment and the chemical behavior and toxicity of Cd to actinomycetes.

Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot on Fruit Trees in Bulgaria

Phytophthora root and crown rot was found on the fruit trees in Bulgaria for the first time in the period 1998-1999. Monitoring of the disease spread from 2000 to 2007 points out incidence between 2 and 14 per cent, in some orchards and nurseries in the Southern part of Bulgaria. The following Phytophthora species were identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics, and temperature requirements： Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora hybrid specie and Pythium. Prevailing specie was P. cactorum. P. cryptogea and P. cactorum were confirmed by application of molecular methods. Nutritional requirements of P. cactorum and P. citrophthora were studied. Most Nitrogen sources stimulated the mycelial growth of P. cactorum to a higher extend, and reduced the colony size ofP. citrophthora. Different Carbon sources were utilized well by P. cactorum, and only saccharose and maltose had a stimulating effect on the mycelial growth of P. citrophthora. MgSO4.7H20 was the preferred sulfur source for both fungi, as L-cysteine and L-methionine only for P. cactorum. Phytophthora infection leads to physiological changes in the.host plant tissues. The tendency traced out is： about disorders in the amino acid metabolism, increase in the total sugars and slight reduction of the cellulose content. The total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content are reduced and the calcium and magnesium are increased. Photosynthesis of inoculated plants was suppressed and transpiration was increased.

A New Host for Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆ White 1919） Chitwood, 1949 （Nemata： Tylenchida） in Turkey： Potato

Potato is the main material of nutrition comes after the wheat and, is subjected to attacks of different plant parasitic nematodes which cause serious damages in our country. Especially, root-knot nematodes cause serious crop losses on them. Due to usage oflnfested seeds, parasitic nematodes are increasing from year to year. In our country, so far, many infested hosts of Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆White, 1919） Chitwood, 1949 were detected but there is no report on investigation on potato. During this study, adult females of root-knot nematodes were obtained via extracting gals of 133 tuber samples, collected potatoes fields in the Marmara region especially Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Canakkale, Edirne, Istanbul, Kirklareli, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Tekirdag provinces during 2007-2008. During identification the species, second stage larvae were taken into consideration as well as genital preparations of adult females. For the identification classical methods were used together with molecular methods. As result, M. incognita was detected, only species detected among the Meloidogyne genus upon the 10 provinces investigated in Edirne province, Bosna village. This is the first report of the infestation of this species potato and also in Marmara Region.

The Hemochromatosis Distribution in Matera Province： A New SNP to Explain the Low Genotype-Phenotype Correlation

The present study aims to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation of the hereditary hemochromatosis （HH）, a genetic disorder of iron metabolism, in Matera province （Basilicata, Italy）. Integrating both epidemiological and molecular approaches, the authors studied： （a） the frequency of the HH main mutations; （b） the association between mutations and HH cases. The majority of patients with HH are homozygous for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene. A second mutation （H63D） is more widely distributed and its connection with HH isn＇t clear, but a low penetrance is attributed to this variant. The population-based study consists of three steps： （1） determination of iron biochemical parameters, （2） genetic test, and （3） sequencing of HFE gene and bioinformatics studies. A case report is presented in a 41-year-old male （genotype： H63D/wt） with biochemical and clinical evidences of HH, in absence of secondary iron overload factors. In the cohort of studied patients （150M：62F）, there are 18 homozygous patients; H63D/H63D genotype is found in 11 cases. In the heterozygous group, H63D/wt is the predominant genotype （61/68 subjects）. All the H63D/wt residents in the same village （Mont.） show altered biochemical parameter levels. In our case study, a substitution localized into the HFE promoter （nt225A 〉 C） is found. Results show that the H63D genotype is responsible for most cases of HH. The peculiar clinical manifestation found in Mont. suggests a founder effect. In our case, the iron overload is related to a presence of an undetected mutation, critical for the transcriptional regulation of the HFE gene.

Molecular Biological Detection of Biological Pollution in Water Environment

Water is contaminated mainly by chemical, physical and biological pollutants. At present, domestic reports on biological pollution of water environment are much less. Biological pollution in water environment pollution which is stable and infectious is the main part of water pollution. To fastly and accuratly detecte biological contamination of the water environment is extremely important for the control of disease outbreaks and water quality protection and public health security. This paper systematically introduces the research progress in biological water environment pollution detection methods in molecular biology aquatic environment, and explore molecular biology methods in the detection of biological contamination in water environment problems and trends.

深圳陆地环境细菌遗传多样性研究

用荧光显微镜法和变性梯度凝胶电泳法(DGGE)研究深圳陆地环境空气和土壤中细菌的数量和遗传多样性,结果显示:土壤细菌为108-109个/g;空气细菌为10~4-10~6个/L;从DGGE分析获得的土壤和空气细菌OTUs和序列得出:序列同Genebank已登陆序列相似性高。生物群落遗传结构分析显示,土壤除羊台山和莲花山的细菌群落结构较相似外,其他测站均存在明显地理分布差异性;空气中南山、莲花山和杨梅坑测站的细菌样品不能聚成一支,呈明显的群落遗传结构差异。

野生大熊猫种群数量两种调查方法对比

准确调查野生大熊猫种群数量是大熊猫保护的基础.目前两种主要的大熊猫种群数量调查方法(距离-咬节区分法与分子生物学方法)在准确性、可操作性、成本等方面尚存在争议.在卧龙自然保护区大熊猫主要分布区域,同时利用距离-咬节区分法与分子生物学的方法估算大熊猫种群数量.结果表明,与分子生物学方法相比较,传统的距离-咬节区分法估算的结果相对保守,估算结果不到前者的50%.结合大熊猫移动模式特征,建议在大熊猫高密度分布区域适当降低距离区分阈值,以提高距离-咬节区分法的灵敏性.