Species concepts and biodiversity in Trichoderma and Hypocrea:from aggregate species to species clusters?

Trichoderma/Hypocrea is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans. Species identification, while essential in view of the controversial properties of taxa ofthis genus, has been problematic by traditional methods. Here we will present a critical survey of the various identification methods in use. In addition,we will present an update on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the 88 taxa (which occur as 14 holomorphs, 49 teleomorphs and 25 anamorphs in nature) of Trichoderma/Hypocrea that have been confirmed by a combination of morphological, physiological and genetic approaches.

蜜蜂属的分类方法研究进展

【目的】梳理应用较为广泛的蜜蜂分类方法,为今后蜜蜂属(Apis)的分类学研究工作提供参考。【方法】在Pubmed和CNKI中检索注蜜蜂分类方法相关文献,对检索到的文献进行归纳与总结,获得蜜蜂属主要的分类学方法及分类法研究进展。【结果】蜜蜂属的分类方法主要包括蜜蜂形态测定分类法、同工酶多态性分析法、分子遗传标记法和蜜蜂数量分类法。蜜蜂形态学分类法仍然是蜜蜂分类研究最基础的方法,新发展的分类方法能够对形态学分析进行补充,从而得到更准确的分类结果。但逐渐流行的分子鉴定分类法仍存在一定不足,如:RFLP法难以获得显示基因组DNA多态性的探针;多拷贝的微卫星DNA不能跟踪分离群体中个体基因组的同源区域;显性的RAPD标记不能区分动物的纯合体与杂合体等。【结论】蜜蜂属分类研究方法随着分子生物学技术的发展而逐渐丰富。通过建立多方法组合、筛选单独或多种分子标记技术、构建自动化分子标记法等增加分类准确性和简化实验操作,将是今后蜜蜂属分类工作的研究重点。