This paper describes preliminary findings of a study on female sex workers in the labor market field in Northeast China. The study focuses on the female sex workers’ occupational mobility, introducing their work expe...This paper describes preliminary findings of a study on female sex workers in the labor market field in Northeast China. The study focuses on the female sex workers’ occupational mobility, introducing their work experiences, comparing their different jobs as a sex worker and others such as waitress, massagist girls, peddler, and exploring the reasons why they chose sex work as their job. The paper utilizes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods including more than one month intensive fieldwork (informal deep interview, community based observation) during the data collection period and basic statistic analysis using SPSS10.0 after transfering the qualitive materials into data. 103 female sex\|workers were involved in this study.The study finds out half the famale sex\|workers we interviewed are Xiagang female workers, and almost all of them are from urban areas, which indicates the reduction of the anonymity that necessary for the profession of sex work on condition that the females encountered economy crises. Moreover, the occupational mobility from the jobs after Xiagang to being as a sex\|worker is some kind of horizontal mobility instead of downwards as most of the people portrayed. The study also analyzes four kinds of “relationsohips”( Guanxi ) that play different roles in their continual job hunting process: no relationship (depend on themselves), relative based relationship, friend based relationshiip(formal occupation agency).The paper argues that friend\|based relationship wins the bid ultimately.展开更多
China＇s educational enterprise has achieved great successes since reform and opening up in 1978, but the constraints imposed by a number of factors mean that the problem of unequal distribution of high quality educat...China＇s educational enterprise has achieved great successes since reform and opening up in 1978, but the constraints imposed by a number of factors mean that the problem of unequal distribution of high quality educational resources among groups from different strata is becoming increasingly noticeable at the basic education stage, leading to socioeconomic segregation in schools. We utilize baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey for 2013-2014 to investigate this phenomenon in junior high schools and its influence upon students＇ educational expectations. Our findings show that marked segregation currently exists at the junior high school level. The extent of the segregation varies from region to region and place to place （urban or rural）, and school socioeconomic composition （SEC） exerts a significant influence upon students＇ educational expectations. The higher the school＇s average SEC or the greater its heterogeneity, the higher the educational expectations of its students. The effect of school SEC upon the educational expectations of students varies depending on the characteristics of different student groups; students who have lower cognitive abilities and fall behind at school are more likely to benefit from an increase in school socioeconomic status （SES） and heterogeneity. Because educational expectationsare a decisive factor in academic achievement and educational attainment, the influence of school socioeconomic segregation upon educational equity should not be overlooked. Lessening the degree of school socioeconomic segregation and encouraging integrated schools would be an effective measure for ensuring educational equity in China.展开更多
文摘This paper describes preliminary findings of a study on female sex workers in the labor market field in Northeast China. The study focuses on the female sex workers’ occupational mobility, introducing their work experiences, comparing their different jobs as a sex worker and others such as waitress, massagist girls, peddler, and exploring the reasons why they chose sex work as their job. The paper utilizes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods including more than one month intensive fieldwork (informal deep interview, community based observation) during the data collection period and basic statistic analysis using SPSS10.0 after transfering the qualitive materials into data. 103 female sex\|workers were involved in this study.The study finds out half the famale sex\|workers we interviewed are Xiagang female workers, and almost all of them are from urban areas, which indicates the reduction of the anonymity that necessary for the profession of sex work on condition that the females encountered economy crises. Moreover, the occupational mobility from the jobs after Xiagang to being as a sex\|worker is some kind of horizontal mobility instead of downwards as most of the people portrayed. The study also analyzes four kinds of “relationsohips”( Guanxi ) that play different roles in their continual job hunting process: no relationship (depend on themselves), relative based relationship, friend based relationshiip(formal occupation agency).The paper argues that friend\|based relationship wins the bid ultimately.
文摘China＇s educational enterprise has achieved great successes since reform and opening up in 1978, but the constraints imposed by a number of factors mean that the problem of unequal distribution of high quality educational resources among groups from different strata is becoming increasingly noticeable at the basic education stage, leading to socioeconomic segregation in schools. We utilize baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey for 2013-2014 to investigate this phenomenon in junior high schools and its influence upon students＇ educational expectations. Our findings show that marked segregation currently exists at the junior high school level. The extent of the segregation varies from region to region and place to place （urban or rural）, and school socioeconomic composition （SEC） exerts a significant influence upon students＇ educational expectations. The higher the school＇s average SEC or the greater its heterogeneity, the higher the educational expectations of its students. The effect of school SEC upon the educational expectations of students varies depending on the characteristics of different student groups; students who have lower cognitive abilities and fall behind at school are more likely to benefit from an increase in school socioeconomic status （SES） and heterogeneity. Because educational expectationsare a decisive factor in academic achievement and educational attainment, the influence of school socioeconomic segregation upon educational equity should not be overlooked. Lessening the degree of school socioeconomic segregation and encouraging integrated schools would be an effective measure for ensuring educational equity in China.
