小组合作学习模式助力初中地理教学探讨

迄今为止,我国基础教育改革已经获得了诸多成效,其中,小组合作学习模式在初中地理教学中的应用效果显著。主要分析了小组合作学习模式如何助力初中地理教学,如何提高初中地理教学效果。

Comprehensive evaluation method for superstructures of prestressed concrete girder bridges

A multi-level evaluation model for the superstructure of a damaged prestressed concrete girder or beam bridge is established, and the evaluation indices of the model as well as the rating standards are defined. A normal relative function about the evaluation indices of each element is developed to calculate the relative degree, and for each element there are no sub-level elements. When evaluating the elements in the sub-item level or the index level of the model, the weights of elements pertain to one adopted element, taking into account their degrees of deterioration. Since the relative degrees and structure evaluation scales on the damage conditions are applied to characterize the superstructure of damaged prestressed concrete girder bridges, this method can evaluate the prestressed structure in detail, and the evaluation results agree with the Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culvers （JTG Hll--2004 ）. Finally, a bridge in Jilin province is taken as an example, using the method developed to evaluate its damage conditions, which gives an effective way for bridge engineering.

Research on Evaluation of Terrace Cultural Landscape Heritage Value from the Perspective of AVC——Take Three Famous Terraces in Southern China for Example

The objective evaluation to the terrace cultural landscape heritage value can provide targeted scientific basis for continuation of terrace culture landscape and establishment of protection measures. On the basis of field investigation, expert consultation and literature review, combined with the AVC （Attraction、Vitality and Ca-pacity）theory and Analytic Hierarchy Process based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evalu-ation, the terrace cultural landscape heritage protection evaluation system and eval-uation model, which selects 22 indicators from three levels including terrace culture landscape resources attraction, resources vitality and resources bearing capacity were structured. Based on col ection of data, material from field survey of China＆#39;s most representative Yunnan Yuanyang Hani terrace, Hunan Ziquejie terrace and Longsheng Longji terrace and relevant mathematical calculation to determine evalua-tion index weights, organical y combined of qualitative with quantitative analysis, the diversity, reasonableness and accuracy of evaluation system is improved. Compre-hensive result of mathematical statistics showed that the rank of the cultural land-scape heritage value with the three most representative terraces in southern China is： γ（Hani）〉γ（Longji）〉γ（Ziquejie）.

Application of uncertain type of AHP to condition assessment of cable-stayed bridges

In order to guarantee the safety service and life-span of long-span cable-stayed bridges, the uncertain type of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method is adopted to access the bridge condition. The correlative theory and applied objects of uncertain type of AHP are introduced, and then the optimal transitive matrix method is chosen to calculate the interval number judgment matrix, which makes the weights of indices more reliable and accurate. Finally, with Harbin Songhua River Cable-Stayed Bridge as an example, an index system and an assessment model are proposed for the condition assessment of this bridge, and by using uncertain type of AHP, the weights of assessment indices are fixed and the final assessment results of the bridge are calculated, which proves the feasibility and practicability of this method. The application of this assessment method can provide the scientific basis for maintenance and management of long-span cable-stayed bridges.

Configuration optimization model of multi-energy distributed generation system

To integrate different renewable energy resources effectively in a microgrid, a configuration optimization model of a multi-energy distributed generation（DG） system and its auxiliary equipment is proposed. The model mainly consists of two parts, the determination of initial configuration schemes according to user preference and the selection of the optimal scheme. The comprehensive evaluation index（CEI）, which is acquired through the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） weight calculation method, is adopted as the evaluation criterion to rank the initial schemes. The optimal scheme is obtained according to the ranking results. The proposed model takes the diversity of different equipment parameters and investment cost into consideration and can give relatively suitable and economical suggestions for system configuration.Additionally, unlike Homer Pro, the proposed model considers the complementation of different renewable energy resources, and thus the rationality of the multi-energy DG system is improved compared with the single evaluation criterion method which only considers the total cost.

Synthetical condition assessment of long span suspension bridge based on closeness degree and FAHP

Based on the theory of pattern recognition, the concept of closeness degree between fuzzy sets is brought into the condition assessment of long span bridges. Using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process （FAHP）, a mathematical model of a multi-objective assessment of a long span suspension bridge is set up. An example is given to show the procedure in the synthetical condition assessment of the Runyang Suspension Bridge, which includes the hierarchical division, the definition of factor weights and fuzzy membership functions, and the calculation of closeness degrees, etc. The assessment combines both the data from the health monitoring system and the manual tests. The classification of evaluation items as well as the calculation of deterministic and nondeterministic items is presented. Compared with the traditional method of point rating, this method can better describe the discreteness of monitoring data and the fuzziness in the condition assessment.

Functional Assessment of Typical Wetlands in Shangri-La

The development and protection of Shangri-La wetlands in southwestern Yunnan Province is of great significance for the protection of regional biodiversity, ecotourism and regional development. To specify the functions of Shangri-La wetlands, with the help of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), 7 typical wetlands in Shangri-La (Bita Lake Wetland, Napa Lake Wetland, Shudu Lake Wetland, Dazhongdian Wetland, Xiaozhongdian Wetland, Dahei Lake Wetland, Jinsha River Wetland) were selected for the quantitative analysis of 20 indexes in 3 comprehensive assessment layers (service functions, protective functions and production functions). The results showed that Shangri-La wetlands followed the below sequence in function: Bita Lake Wetland (0.811 4), Shudu Lake Wetland (0.739 3), Napa Lake Wetland (0.695 3), Dahei Lake Wetland (0.659 5), Jinsha River Wetland (0.614 3), Dazhongdian Wetland (0.520 4) and Xiaozhongdian Wetland (0.505 2). As single indexes of those wetlands were compared, it was found that values of certain indexes varied greatly, and value differences among 5 of 20 indexes even reached more than 100%, among which that of water supply capacity and tourism recreational value (164.60%) remained the highest, then water supplementation capacity (121.17%) and habitat stability (109.05%), and others varied between 5.58%-91.10%. The assessment results were similar to actual conditions, thus such a method was proved scientific and practical.

Study on the evaluation index system and evaluation method for self-elevating drilling unit design

In the process of designing self-elevating drilling unit, it is important, yet complicated, to use comparison and filtering to select the optimum scheme from the feasible ones. In this research, an index system and methodology for the evaluation of self-elevating drilling unit was proposed. Based on this, a multi-objective combinatorial optimization model was developed, using the improved grey relation Analysis （GRA）, in which the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weights of the evaluating indices. It considered the connections within the indices, reflecting the objective nature of things, and also considered the subjective interests of ship owners and the needs of designers. The evaluation index system and evaluation method can be used in the selection of an optimal scheme and advanced assessment. A case study shows the index system and evaluation method are scientific, reasonable, and easy to put into practice. At the same time, such an evaluation index system and evaluation method will be helpful for making decisions for other mobile platforms.

Evaluation model for freeway incident management system

In order to evaluate the general situation and find special problems of the freeway incident management system, an evaluation model is proposed. First, the expert appraisal approach is used to select the primary evaluation index. As a result, 81 indices and the hierarchical structures of the index such as the object layer, the sub-object layer, the criterion layer and the index layer are determined. Then, based on the fuzzy characteristics of each index layer, the analytical hierarchy process（AHP）and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are applied to generate the weight and the satisfaction of the index and the criterion layers. When analyzing the relationship between the sub-object layer and the object layer, it is easy to find that the number of sub-objects is too large and sub-objects are significantly redundant. The partial least square （PLS） is proposed to solve the problems. Finally, an application example, whose result has already been accepted and employed as the indication of a new project in improving incident management, is introduced and the result verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the model.

APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS TO ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS IN THE JIANGHAN PLAIN

Wetlands in the Jianghan Plain are important components of wetland types in lake area in the middle and lower reaches the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and they fulfill many uses and functions related to hydrology, waste assimilation, ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. Owing to natural factors and human activities, especially excessive reclamation from lakes, the shrinking process of the lakes has been accelerated. Wetland ecosystem has shown the characteristics of vulnerability. According to the analysis of wetland ecological function in the Jianghan Plain, this paper presented an index system related to productivity, stability and environmental capacity. By using the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process, we computed the values of the relative weights of the indexes, and evaluated the vulnerability level of the wetland ecosystem by the method of multi-indexes. The case study showed that the fragile extent of wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is 5.6. This means that the wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is laid to the state of middle vulnerability. Therefore, the wetland conservation and eco-rehabilitation in the Jianghan Plain should be paid attention to.

A personalized trustworthy service selection method

A personalized trustworthy service selection method is proposed to fully express the features of trust, emphasize the importance of user preference and improve the trustworthiness of service selection. The trustworthiness of web service is defined as customized multi-dimensional trust metrics and the user preference is embodied in the weight of each trust metric. A service selection method combining AHP （analytic hierarchy process） and PROMETHEE （preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations） is proposed. AHP is used to determine the weights of trust metrics according to users＇ preferences. Hierarchy and pairwise comparison matrices are constructed. The weights of trust metrics are derived from the highest eigenvalue and eigenvector of the matrix. to obtain the final rank of candidate services. The preference functions are defined according to the inherent characteristics of the trust metrics and net outranking flows are calculated. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively express users＇ personalized preferences for trust metrics, and the trustworthiness of service ranking and selection is efficiently improved.

Ecological and Economic System Health Assessment Based on Fuzzy Set Pair Analysis:A Case Study of Northwest Region,China

Due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and destruction,especially humans' unreasonable activities,the ecological and economic system(EES) issues of Northwest region in China have attracted more and more attention of the researchers.Aiming at evaluating its ecological and economic system health,a multi-objective evaluation framework called PressureState-Response(PSR) was established to describe the ecological and economic health situations.Meanwhile,an integrative set pair model combining set pair analysis(SPA) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) was proposed to assess the ecological and economic system.Then the EES status of five northwest provinces(Shanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,Ningxia and Xinjiang) of Northwest region in China was evaluated during 1985 to 2009.The EES development trends of five provinces are obtained.In general,the health values of five provinces showed a rising trend.The health values of five provinces grew rapidly during 1985 to 2000.After 2000,the health values of five provinces still followed the present growth trend,but the growth is relatively smooth.The results show that the method proposed is effective for assessing the health of ecological and economic system.

Two-level fuzzy evaluation for classification of credits

In this paper, classification models are used as tools to make final decision. Fuzzy method provides the mathematical tools for quantitative analysis and dealing with ambiguous concepts. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to obtain the weight of each index and enables examiners to visualize the decision process and obtain more reasonable evaluation values to solve some problems. An example is given at the end of this paper.

Environmental impact evaluation for high-speed railway

Environmental impact evaluation system boundary of high-speed railway was defined based on the total life cycle theory,and the index system to evaluate the environmental impact of high-speed railway was established with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy method,and the matter-element evaluation model was established on the basis of the extension theory.By calculating its comprehensive interrelatedness,the evaluation rank of environment impacts of high-speed railway was determined.The numerical example shows that the model has vast prospect,which can not only expand the application areas of extension theory,but also change the traditional evaluation methods and provide new ideas and means for environmental impact evaluation of high-speed railway.

Micro-Climate Evaluation System in Thermal Mines

A fuzzy evaluation method was used to evaluate the microclimate in thermal mines. A theoretical model of a microclimate evaluation system was designed and membership functions of the evaluation indices in the system were established. An analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to analyze the weight of the evalua- tion indices and their methods of calculation. Software for this evaluation system was developed and used for the evaluation of the microclimate of 714 sections in a mine. It is shown that the evaluation results correspond com- pletely with the actual situation. This evaluation system and the software can be applied in thermal mines.

Malware Detection in Smartphones Using Static Detection and Evaluation Model Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Mobile malware is rapidly increasing and its detection has become a critical issue. In this study, we summarize the common characteristics of this inalicious software on Android platform. We design a detection engine consisting of six parts： decompile, grammar parsing, control flow and data flow analysis, safety analysis, and comprehensive evaluation. In the comprehensive evaluation, we obtain a weight vector of 29 evaluation indexes using the analytic hierarchy process. During this process, the detection engine exports a list of suspicious API. On the basis of this list, the evaluation part of the engine performs a compre- hensive evaluation of the hazard assessment of software sample. Finally, hazard classification is given for the software. The false positive rate of our approach for detecting rnalware samples is 4. 7% and normal samples is 7.6%. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of our approach is almost similar to the method based on virus signatures. Compared with the method based on virus signatures, our approach performs well in detecting unknown malware. This approach is promising for the application of malware detection.

AHP-FCE Based Physical Exercise Risk Evaluation Model

Exercise is a highly proven and beneficial health promotion modality, But it is very difficult to determine whether the person during exercise is safe. A unique and comprehensive approach is proposed to perform physical exercise risk evaluation （PERE）, in which personalized factors are deterrrdned basing on grey correlation analysis, analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method is used to structure the large numbers of risk factors, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation （FCE） is applied to fuzzify the factors and compute the exercise risk level. Finally, an actual calculation example is used to verify the feasibility of the method.

Urban Construction Land Suitability Evaluation Based on Improved Multi-criteria Evaluation Based on GIS(MCE-GIS): Case of New Hefei City,China

Urban construction land suitability evaluation （UCLSE） is a complex system engineering and the basis for rational use of the limited urban land resources in China. It has an important practical value on urban construction land use planning and management from the angle of methodology. As a widely used technique, traditional multi-criteria evaluation based on GIS （MCE-GIS）, is not suitable for UCLSE. This study develops an improved MCE-GIS method which could be more suitable for UCLSE based on urban complex ecological system theory and the summary of the shortcomings of traditional MCE-GIS. The improvements include three aspects： a composite evaluation index system rather than natural indexes alone, an index weight calculated by using fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） method rather than the common AHP method, and the integrated overlay rule, which includes selecting the minimum value, weighted linear combination （WLC） and simple summation. The main advantage of this improved technique is that it can make UCLSE more comprehensive, more operational and more reasonable. It can provide a scientific basis for decision making in the planning and management of urban construction land use. The improved MCE-GIS system has been adopted in the New Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. Based on the results of UCLSE in New Hefei, three functional areas including construction-appropriate areas, construction-restricted areas and construction-forbidden areas could be worked out, in which 36.90% of the total study area could be developed as urban construction land and the remaining 63.10% should be protected as reserves land or as ecological land. Furthermore, the results can orovide scientific decision suooort for spatial planning and eco-environment nrotection in New Hefei.

Application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and neural network in power transformer risk assessment

In operation,risk arising from power transformer faults is of much uncertainty and complicacy.To timely and objectively control the risks,a transformer risk assessment method based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) and artificial neural network(ANN) from the perspective of accuracy and quickness is proposed.An analytic hierarchy process model for the transformer risk assessment is built by analysis of the risk factors affecting the transformer risk level and the weight relation of each risk factor in transformer risk calculation is analyzed by application of fuzzy consistency judgment matrix;with utilization of adaptive ability and nonlinear mapping ability of the ANN,the risk factors with large weights are used as input of neutral network,and thus intelligent quantitative assessment of transformer risk is realized.The simulation result shows that the proposed method increases the speed and accuracy of the risk assessment and can provide feasible decision basis for the transformer risk management and maintenance decisions.

A Ship Officer Performance Evaluation Model Using Fuzzy-AHP

A ship＇s crew plays an important role in the maritime transportation sector and their performance is paramont in the shipping industry. On this account, an impartial evaluation of the crew＇s performance is an important issue. In this paper, the ship officer＇s performance evaluation problem is studied. The performance evaluation criteria that shipping companies take into account are determined and a performance evaluation process is modelled by using the FAHP （Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process） based on Chang＇s Algorithm. Linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers are used in the assessment process. The results of the proposed model demonstrate that the FAHP method is effective and helps managers make better and more reliable decisions under fuzzy circumstances.