“正态分布标准差分类法”对杉木养分供求响应的研究

通过对杉木树高生长呈"正态分布"的林分,应用"正态分布"标准差作为不同个体生长类型划分临界值,对林分不同生长个体进行分类,探讨不同个体生长类型的年生长量对养分供应的影响。结果表明,杉木树高生长表现类型好的个体,表现更强耐瘠薄能力,树高生长表现类型差的个体,在养分能满足高生长需求量时,同样也有良好的树高年生长量。不同生长表现类型的胸径年生长量对养分供求响应,表明胸径生长表现类型好的个体在养分供应不足时,个体胸径年生长量也不会高,养分充足时胸径年生长量大;生长表现类型差的个体在养分供应不足时,个体胸径年生长量低,而养分供应充足时,个体胸径年生长量接近生长遗传表型好的个体年生长量。该研究揭示杉木不同生长表现类型树高、胸径年生长适应性机理和对养分供应的响应,这对杉木低产林分改良和提高杉木经营水平及林分大径材培育中目标树的选择可提供理论参考。

基于正态分布标准差分类法的厚朴生长性状多样性与适应性研究

应用大样本调查法对下、中、上坡的厚朴林分高与胸径生长进行调查。结果表明,下、中、上坡的厚朴高生长分别分布于4.3~14.1 m、4.0~15.3 m、4.3~14.5 m,胸径生长分布分别是5.0~21.5 cm、5.0~19.6 cm、5.1~18.2 cm。应用正态分布标准差分类法,对下、中、上坡林分个体高与胸径生长进行分类,表明不同坡位多样性生长类型分布基本一致,平均值与相邻1σ区间生长类型占群体权重的86%。受不同坡位立地条件影响,林分高与胸径生长平均值存在差异,表现为下坡>中坡>上坡。由遗传多样性与生长性状适应性分析可知,不同生长类型生长差异较大。

濒危树种钟萼木当年生苗木生长空间分布与生物量分配研究

利用苗木群体高与地径生长呈正态分布规律,根据"正态分布标准差分类法",以群体标准差值做为不同生长类型划分标准,把钟萼木当年生苗高生长个体划分为8个生长类型,取每一生长类型代表样本进行生长空间分布和生物量分配研究,结果表明,不同样本地上部分的水平空间分布基本相接近,大的样本个体在垂直方向上占据更多空间,对下层个体产生侧方空间与光照竞争。该树种苗木根系发达,主根生长明显,侧根与须根生长旺盛,地下部分水平空间分布随着个体生长量增大,侧根在水平空间形成竞争。不同样本的各组织生物量分配表明,根部与杆的生物量生长比例相近,但生长类型好的样本根部的皮生物量占比例更大,这与须根生长量加大有关。生长类型较好样本树杆的木质部生物量所占比例加大,树干的皮生物量比例增加不明显,叶生物量明显增加,但在全株样本生物量所占比例减少,叶生物量占全株样本生物量比例大。

钟萼木适宜生境选择与多年生造林效果探讨

应用“正态分布标准差分类法”划分钟萼木苗木不同生长类型并进行造林效果研究。结果表明,钟萼木苗木不同生长类型与杉木行带混交造林后,第一、二年在混交效应不明显的立地生境下,相邻生长类型树高年生长量差异相对较小,相隔一个生长类型以上,高年生长量都表现极显著差异,H6、H7生长类型的高年生长量大,对立地生境适应能力好,平均值及2个标准差以内生长类型是该树种群体生长状况的代表,年高生长量较低。该树种造林后第三年,平均值及2个标准差以内生长类型高年生长量在40~60 cm间,H7生长类型个体年高生长量达2.0 m以上。个体高生长表明,H7生长类型3年生高生长达4.0 m以上,其他生长类型3年生高生长在1.0~3.0 m,研究不同生长类型对造林生境的适应能力,为该树种人工培育与保护提供理论参考。

钟萼木一年生苗木生长分化与分级标准理论依据的探讨

所调查的钟萼木苗木属于天然杂交种,苗木的高与地径生长性状遵循数量性状遗传.应用大样本抽样调查法和“正态分布标准差分类法”分别进行苗木地径、苗高生长量的调查与分类,分类统计结果表明:苗木群体高与地径性状生长类型权重呈正态分布,分别分布于(13,92)cm、(0.28,2.30)cm区间,一年生苗木高与地径生长量表现大的生长差异,直接影响个体后期生长.笔者提出应用“正态分布标准差分类法”作为理论依据划分该树种苗木等级标准,根据遗传学原理,认为苗高与地径年生长量在平均值类型以下的苗木属于遗传品质差的,确定为不合格苗;年生长量在平均值类型及以上的具有较好的遗传品质,可作为培育个体,确定为合格苗.在合格苗中,确定苗高与地径年生长量达平均值类型为Ⅱ级苗、平均值类型以上苗木定为Ⅰ级苗或优质苗.以该树种试验苗木高与地径年生长量确定苗木等级标准为:高年生长量在[33,43)cm、地径年生长量在[1.0,1.24)cm区间的苗木定为Ⅱ级苗;高年生长量在[43,53)cm、地径年生长量在[1.24,1.48)cm区间的苗木定为Ⅰ级苗;高年生长量在[53,73)cm、地径年生长量在[1.48,1.72)cm区间的苗木定为优质苗;高生长大于73cm、地径生长大于1.72cm的苗木为特级苗.文中首次利用遗传学与数理统计客观地确定苗木分级标准,该苗木标准保留较好的遗传品质个体,去除了不良遗传品质类型个体,可为苗木等级划分与遗传品质改良提供理论参考.

钟萼木当年生生长性状与不同生长类型适应性探讨

应用大样本调查方法和正态分布标准差分类法对钟萼木的当年生苗木高与地径生长量的不同生长类型进行分类,结果表明苗木群体高与地径生长划分为8个不同生长类型,群体表现明显的早期生长分化,群体平均值与相邻两区间生长类型个体权重占整体的85%以上,生长较好与较差的生长类型两极分化所占比例较小;不同生长类型分类较好地表明群体生长性状多样性组成和物种潜在生长优势,可为优良生长类型筛选提供依据.对不同生长类型个体适应性研究表明,该树种生长类型差的个体高生长期较短,优良生长类型个体有更长的高生长期,但地径生长期基本是一致的,主要受高生长期与光合作用率影响,说明遗传品质对苗高与地径生长影响显著.

钟萼木造林3年生长适应性分化与优良个体早期选择探讨

应用“正态分布标准差分类法”对钟萼木与杉木混交造林中钟萼木高与地径3年生长效果进行分析,结果表明该树种不同生长类型个体高与地径生长表现不同的生长适应性,树高不同生长类型权重呈近正态分布于65~450 cm区间,地径不同生长类型权重呈近正态分布于1.5~8.6 cm区间.高生长类型的84%以上个体是处于平均值与相邻两生长类型,地径生长类型的85%以上个体是处于平均值与相邻两生长类型.高与地径生长类型均出现小概率的优势个体,优势个体属于杂种优势基因型个体,依据该树种幼树高与地径生长分化分析,优势个体属于平均值加3个标准差以外的突变个体,可作为良种选择资源.以该树种高和地径生长作为选择性状,应用“t”检验选择法共筛选2株优良个体,分别命名为永钟1号和永钟2号.永钟1号和永钟2号的高与地径生长比平均值分别提高了268%,245%;269%,259%,具有很好的速生效果.永钟1号是目前幼树生长最快的优良个体,它将改写该树种的生长前期记录.

赤皮青冈生长性状多样性与不同生长类型适应性研究

该研究以建瓯市龙村乡天然分布的赤皮青冈母树采集的种子培育的苗木为实验材料,应用大样本数据和正态分布标准差分类法等数据处理方法,以标准差为临界值对赤皮青冈的二年生苗木高与地径的不同生长类型进行分类,探讨了赤皮青冈苗木群体高与地径生长类型表现。结果表明,群体表现明显的早期生长分化,群体平均值与相邻两区间生长类型个体权重占整体的85%以上,好与差类型的两极分化所占比例较小;通过不同生长类型分类可以较好地了解群体生长性状多样性组成和优势生长类型,可为优良生长类型筛选提供依据。对不同生长类型个体适应性研究表明,该树种生长类型差的个体高生长期较短,优良生长类型个体有更长的高生长期,但地径生长期基本是一致的,主要受高生长期与光合作用率影响,说明遗传品质影响苗高与地径生长。

杉木不同生长类型对养分供应的持续效应

应用“正态分布标准差分类法”把杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)试验林分树高生长划分为5个生长类型,按不同生长类型进行施肥试验。结果表明,不同生长类型杉木施肥后2年生长期的树高年生长量表现为,生长类型好的群体对施肥有更好的持续促进高生长效应;生长类型差的群体,在施肥量相对少时高生长持续效应不明显,当施肥量较大时能有较好的树高年生长量持续生长效应。不同生长类型杉木胸径年生长量对施肥量的响应表现为,相同条件下,好的生长类型比差的生长类型有更好的胸径年生长量效果,施肥量相对不足时,差的生长类型群体胸径年生长持续效应逐渐衰退,好的生长类型对施肥有更好的持续促进生长效果,施肥量大对胸径年生长有更好的持续促进作用,与树高生长表现基本一致。研究表明,遗传品质好的杉木群体对立地适应能力越强,有更好的耐瘠薄能力和更好的年生长量。施肥措施对不同遗传品质生长类型杉木树高与胸径年生长量都有较好的促进效应,能有效恢复与提高杉木低产林分生长,为杉木低产与小老林林分改良提供理论指导。

一年生钟萼木生长性状遗传分化与优良个体早期选择研究

对钟萼木Bretschneidera sinensis一年生苗高生长适应性与早期生长分化进行研究。结果表明,苗木群体高生长类型权重呈正态分布于13~92cm区间;应用正态分布标准差分类法,以苗木群体高生长标准差值作为不同生长类型划分间隔值,苗木高生长划分为8个生长类型,85%以上个体的高生长量处于平均值与相邻两生长类型,地径生长习性遗传分化表现出与苗高相似特性。利用钟萼木苗木早期生长分化显著的特点,以苗木高和地径作为选择性状,依据t检验选择法确定选择标准,共筛选双重指标都能满足的个体4株,经综合评价,另选择5株优良个体,共计9株,分别命名为田钟1~9号,田钟1~9号高生长比平均值分别提高95%、97%、105%、105%、142%、113%、111%、100%、118%;地径生长比平均值分别提高57%、61%、63%、75%、105%、63%、64%、57%、79%。生长量表现较好的优良个体可作为该树种优良基因种质资源。

一年生钟萼木苗不同生长类型差异性与划分原理研究

目的:钟萼木是我国珍贵树种,目前处于濒危状态,本研究对该树种保护具有重要价值。本试验利用钟萼木1年生苗木高,地径生长性状多样性,早期分化,研究1年生苗木高与地径生长不同生长类型,为该树种苗木不同遗传品质划分提供理论依据。方法:应用“正态分布标准差分类法”,分别以该树种群体高、地径生长的标准差值作为区间间隔值,把高、地径性状生长划分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H等8种不同生长类型,以不同生长类型区间平均值作为不同处理水平试验值,进行差异性检验分析。结果:不同生长类型间相邻生长类型处理达到显著差异,非相邻生长类型间处理达极显著水平,应用“正态分布标准差分类法”划分不同生长类型能定量区分不同生长类型个体,可把连续性状生长划分成间断性状生长类型,客观确定临界个体生长类型。结论:该方法划分钟萼木苗木不同生长类型具有科学性,能较好划分不同遗传品质生长类型,适宜生产操作应用,为苗木不同遗传品质的等级筛选与分类提供理论依据。

Visualization analysis of the international standard ISO/TC 249 for traditional Chinese medicine

Objective This study proposes to visually review the current situation and progress of standards sets by the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249). The review aims to explore the development strategies of the standards, which will exhibit the considerable impact on the economy, trade and exchanges, and cooperation in the area of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods ISO/TC 249 standards were searched on the ISO website, and their title, proposed time, current stage, scope, and classification were obtained for further summarization. Gephi was utilized to portray the co-occurrence network graph of the ISO/TC 249 standards subject.Results In ISO/TC 249, there were 116 standards, including 81 published standards and 35 developing standards by April 30, 2022. Two withdrawal standards were published after revision, which were not counted in the total standards. The number of published standards has been increasing since the first standard was published in 2014, whose title was “Sterile acupuncture needles for single use”. Among these standards, 17.24%(20/116) standards were in review, 56.03%(65/116) in publication, 3.45%(4/116) in approval, 5.17%(6/116) in enquiry,3.45%(4/116) in committee, and 14.66%(17/116) in preparation, respectively. With 116 standards, most of the research focused on the medicament, as its classification of the International Classification for Standards(ICS) showed the proportion reaching 49.54%. The network analysis data revealed that the top five most frequent words were “materials” “root” “requirements” “products” and “system”, after removing the noise data, such as prepositions,conjunctions, and pronouns. Additionally, the word “system” co-exists with the terms “computerized” “coding” “image” “tongue” and “analysis”;the word “requirement” co-exists with“manufacturing” “decoction” “process” and “materials”;whereas the word “devices” coexists with “pulse” “electric” “skin” and “measurement”.Conclusion With the increased diversification and complexity of problems, the development of standards is also oriented to multidisciplinary fields to cultivate the interdisciplinary talents, and especially the international standardization talents of compound TCM. Multi-angle analysis, formulation, and demonstration of standards, in line with industry needs in different disciplines, enhance the availability of standards and the ability to serve the industry.

Real-valued multi-area self set optimization in immunity-based network intrusion detection system

The real-valued self set in immunity-based network intrusion detection system （INIDS） has some defects： multi-area and overlapping, which are ignored before. The detectors generated by this kind of self set may have the problem of boundary holes between self and nonself regions, and the generation efficiency is low, so that, the self set needs to be optimized before generation stage. This paper proposes a self set optimization algorithm which uses the modified clustering algorithm and Gaussian distribution theory. The clustering deals with multi-area and the Gaussian distribution deals with the overlapping. The algorithm was tested by Iris data and real network data, and the results show that the optimized self set can solve the problem of boundary holes, increase the efficiency of detector generation effectively, and improve the system＇s detection rate.

Probabilistic Classification of Tree and Shrub Vegetation on Phytogeographic System

The phytogeographical system for vegetation classification splits the vegetation in first level types： forest and grasslands. The forest type can be recognized in tropical rain forest and seasonal depending on the environmental conditions. This determines the occurrence of deciduous species in big or small quantity. And the grasslands are Savannah in majority. This work proposed probabilistic methods to classify these vegetation types based on priori occurrence of species. The test was carded out with forest inventory data using ten vegetation fragments in farm of Embrapa and Cascata＇s park in Sete Lagoas city, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The distribution of species with occurrence in different types was adapted to set theory and Bayes theorem. In this way, it is possible to calculate belonging of species on vegetation types. The results were compared with usual classification. The main contribution of probabilistic methods was to increase the information to classify tree and shrub vegetation inventoried. It is especially recommended for transition regions between vegetation types.

地理数据的分类和应用初探

地理教学中,人们常将注意力放在图表和基础知识方面,而对另外一个重要的内容——地理数据却有所忽视。地理数据是反映地理事物概念和特征的重要内容,是地理学科的血脉和骨肉。本文作者对地理数据的分类和应用提出了自己的见解,以此引起广大读者对地理数据的深入研究和广泛重视。

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas,a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed.Across the basin there are large changes in altitude,habitat complexity,ecosystem integrity,land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change.Based on Landsat TM images,vegetation mapping,field investigations and 3S technology,we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics.We found that from source to downstream,land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body（glacier）,bare land,sparse vegetation,grassland,wetland,shrubland,forest,cropland,water body（river or lake） and built-up areas.Among them,grassland,forest,bare land and cropland are the main types,accounting for 25.83%,21.19%,19.31% and 15.09% of the basin＇s area respectively.The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes.The north slope is dominated by grassland,bare land and glacier;forest,bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes.Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes;while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes.Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope.The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics.Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland,forest,Shrubland and mixed cropland,grassland,sparse vegetation,bare land and water bodies.These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection,sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.