分形应力对设定地震构建的影响——以郯庐断裂带为例

郯庐断裂带作为我国东部著名的深大断裂带,沿途经过安徽、江苏、山东,并进入我国东北,提高其断层附近的地震危险性认识至关重要.本文选择郯庐断裂带新沂-泗洪段7.5级潜在震源区,开展设定地震模拟.根据板内大地震统计规律约束断层破裂长度和宽度,设定随深度变化的背景正应力,通过调整初始剪切应力找到符合设定地震震级的应力条件.考虑到这里7.5级的设定地震破裂长度长达120km,对比了水平均匀应力模型和自相似分形应力扰动模型,发现水平均匀应力模型对应的震源时间函数类似Haskell模型结果,而添加自相似分形应力扰动后则更符合实际地震情景.对比了四种不同应力条件下的动态破裂模型和地表震动场,发现自相似函数特征长度越短,对应应力非均匀程度越高;而对于震中在宿迁附近的7.5级地震,震中以北的新沂-郯城处在9度烈度区,受断层北侧宿迁附近低速区和峰值滑移速率影响,北侧震动较南侧更强.对于研究区域内可以根据需要选择相应台站进行反应谱分析,提高抗震设防能力.

基于动应力分形特征的薄壁圆盘裂纹诊断识别研究

运用有限元方法对裂纹圆盘进行了动态特性分析,获得了振型和应力响应。应用多重分形理论计算和分析了裂纹圆盘的振型、应力响应的广义维数和敏感维数,把广义分形维数、敏感维数作为裂纹圆盘故障的特征量,对裂纹圆盘的裂纹诊断与识别进行了定性及定量研究。通过计算裂纹圆盘的振型、应力响应的广义维数相关系数,用广义维数相关系数法对圆盘裂纹长度进行定量识别。分析计算表明,广义维数相关系数法对裂纹长度的定量识别具有一定的实用性。

基于Najar能量法的混凝土分形损伤本构模型研究

混凝土损伤模型的研究,实质上是研究损伤变量对混凝土材料本构关系的影响。在外界因素作用下,材料的累积变形引起结构内部损伤的发展,最终将产生宏观裂缝直至破坏。在混凝土损伤破坏过程中,"凹凸无序"的断裂面和"杂乱无章"的裂缝是对混凝土宏观力学性能离散化、非线性、随机性的最直接的体现和表征。基于断裂面和裂缝的分形特性,得到了分形应力、分形应变的基本概念,使之能更为准确地描述混凝土的宏观力学性能。通过Najar能量损伤理论,利用分形应力与表观应力、多重分形应变与表观应变之间的关系,推导得出了混凝土分形损伤本构模型,重新定义了Weibull概率分布的混凝土损伤扩展规律,得到了基于压缩变形分形特性的损伤演化方程。

低渗透油藏渗透率及启动压力梯度应力敏感性分析

为了研究低渗透油藏在开发过程中伴随的储层物性及流体渗流参数变化规律,基于岩心堆积模型分形理论及材料力学原理,结合低渗透油藏非线性渗流特征,建立低渗透储层渗透率及启动压力梯度应力敏感理论计算模型,定量分析岩石力学参数对储层应力敏感性的影响,并通过理论模型计算结果与实验数据对比分析,验证应力敏感模型的有效性。研究结果表明:随着有效应力增加,渗透率呈下降趋势,而启动压力梯度呈上升趋势,且在有效应力作用下的正则化渗透率与启动压力梯度满足较好的乘幂关系;渗透率及启动压力梯度应力敏感性与岩石力学性质密切相关,岩石杨氏模量越大,渗透率及启动压力梯度应力敏感程度越弱,同一弹性模量的岩石泊松比越小,渗透率及启动压力梯度应力敏感程度越强;该模型可准确预测渗透率及启动压力梯度的应力敏感性,从而为低渗透油藏渗流规律研究及产能方案制定提供理论支撑。

Analytic Expression of Meso-Criterion on Dynamic Fracture

This study presents a meso-criterion of dynamic fracture, on the basis of stress in integral form In such way the difficulty due to the singularity of stress distribution at the crack tip is overcome. A micro-parameter, the atom radius, is introduced into the criterion.Meanwhile a characteristic time concept is taken into account for describing the inertia effect of material. The criterion reveals The criterion reveals the effects of loading rate, defect and sample geometry,material constants including the micro-structure parameter.

Stress and deformation analysis on deep surrounding rock at different time stages and its application

Based on the characteristics of the deep circular tunnel, the surrounding rock was divided into three regions： the cracked region, the plastic region and the viscoelastic region. The process of rock stress deformation and change was divided into three stages after the roadway excavation. By using the elastic-plastic mechanics theory, the analytical solutions of the surrounding stress and displacement at different stages and the radii of cracked and plastic regions were formulated. We additionally explained the surrounding rock stress and displacement which appeared in practical project. Simultaneously, based on the problem which emerged from a mine in Xuzhou during the excavating process of rock roadway＇s transport, we got the theoretical solutions for the stress and displacement in the process of rock roadway＇s excavation and considered that the broken area of rock roadway was largely loosing circle. The results indicate that according to the rheological characteristics of surrounding rock, in the primeval excavation of rock roadway, we should increase the length of anchor bolt and cooperate it with anchor nets cable-U steel supporting frame. In addition, when the deformation rate of the surrounding rock is descending after the 15 days＇ excavation, we should use the ＂three anchor＂ supporting method （anchor bolt spray, anchor note and anchor rove） and set aside about 20 cm as the reserved deformation laver.

Numerical Modeling of Neotectonic Movements and State of Stresses in the Central Seismic Gap Region,Garhwal Himalaya

This paper presents finite element modeling （FEM） to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region： the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern fiat of Main Himalayan Thrust （MHT） implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake （M 〉 8）. The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.

Excavation influence of triangular-distribution tunnels for wind pavilion group of a metro station

For the Guanshui Road Station tunnel project of Guiyang Metro Line 2,the wind pavilion group was moved out of the main tunnel to reduce the number of openings in the main tunnel,and the wind pavilion group was excavated in a triangular configuration at the entrance of the main tunnel.Based on the finite element software ABAQUS,a three-dimensional model is established to study the influence of different triangular-distribution tunnels excavation schemes on the surface settlement and tunnel stability.The objective of this study is to reveal the change rules of surface settlement,deformation and force in the support structures and the surrounding rock and identify the best excavation scheme for this tunnel configuration.Results show that to control the surface settlement and the deformation of the support structures,the optimal excavation sequence involves excavating the upper fresh air exhaust tunnel before the lower running tunnel.To control the stress of the support structures,the optimal excavation involves excavating the lower running tunnel before the upper fresh air exhaust tunnel.In this project,the most reasonable excavation sequence of the tunnel is from top to bottom.The most reasonable thickness of tunnel penetration is 5 m.

Analysis of the dialectical relation between top coal caving and coal-gas outbtu rst

According to the different engineering mechanical states of top coal caving andnormal stoping of gaseous loose thick coal seams,the dialectical relation between thiscaving method and dynamic disasters was analyzed by simulating the change of stressstates in the process of top coal initial caving with different mining and caving ratios basedon the ANSYS10.0.The variation of elastic energy and methane expansion energy duringfirst top coal caving was analyzed by first weighting and periodic weighting and combiningwith coal stress and deformation distribution of top coal normal stoping as well as positiveand negative examples in top coal caving of outburst coal seam.The research shows thatthe outburst risk increases along with the increase of the caving ratio in the initial miningstage.In the period of normal stoping,when the mining and caving ratio is smaller than1:3 and hard and massive overlying strata do not exist (periodic weighting is not obvious),it is beneficial to control ground stress leading type outburst.Thus,it is unreasonable toprohibit top coal caving in dangerous and outburst prone areas.

SPSM and its application in cylindrical shells

In naval architectures, the structure of prismatic shell is used widely. But there is no suitable method to analyze this kind of structure. Stiffened prismatic shell method (SPSM) presented in this paper, is one of the harmonic semi-analytic methods. Theoretically, strong stiffened structure can be analyzed economically and accurately. SPSM is based on the analytical solution of the governing differential equations for orthotropic cylindrical shells. In these differential equations, the torsional stiffness, bending stiffness and the exact position of each stiffener are taken into account with the Heaviside singular function. An algorithm is introduced, in which the actions of stiffeners on shells are replaced by external loads at each stiffener position. Stiffened shells can be computed as non-stiffened shells. Eventually, the displacement solution of the equations is acquired by the introduction of Green function. The stresses in a corrugated transverse bulkhead without pier base of an oil tanker are computed by using SPSM.

Numerical study on forming complex fitting body on end of integrated stainless steel pipe without welds

It is necessary to use the integrated stainless steel pipe having two fitting bodies without welds while train travelling at high speed. In order to form this type of integrated stainless steel pipe, the method of preforming combined finish forming process is developed. The preforming process is characterized by flaring combined upsetting for left fitting body which is like a flange, and is characterized by tube axial compressive process under die constraint for right fitting body which is like a double-wall pipe. The finite element simulations of the processes are carried out by software package DEFORM, and the results indicate that: 1) left or right fitting body can be formed by a two-step forming process without folding and under-filling defects; 2) by using two-step forming, strain and stress in left fitting body are larger than those in right fitting body, and deformation in right fitting body is more homogenous than the deformation in left fitting body; 3) two or more preforming steps may be needed for left fitting body considering the distributions of strain and stress.

Effect of non-uniform stress characteristics on stress measurement in specimen

There is a remarkable difference in stress distribution between a specimen and a plate removed from the specimen.The plate presents a uniform stress distribution whereas the specimen presents a non-uniform stress distribution.Firstly,the real stress distributions in plates with thickness of 30,40 and 50 mm and then in the specimens were obtained through simulation and X-ray surface stress measurement.Secondly,in order to study the impact of specimens shapes and processing ways on the results accuracy,two irregular shapes (parallelogram and trapezoid) and two processing ways (saw and electron discharge machining (EDM)) were compared and analyzed by simulation and experiment using layer removal method,then the specimen effects on measurement results were evaluated.The results show that:1) the non-uniform stress distribution characteristics of the specimen near the surface of the cut is significant,the range of non-uniform stress distribution is approximately one-thickness distance away from the cut,and it decreases gradually along the depth;2) In order to ensure the stability in the results,it is suitable to take the specimen plane size 2-3 times of its thickness;3) Conventional processing methods have little effect on experimental results and the average deviation is less than 5%.

Effective grouting area of jointed slope and stress deformation responses by numerical analysis with FLAC^(3D)

To study the grouting reinforcement mechanism in jointed rock slope, first, the theoretical deduction was done to calculate the critical length of slipping if the slope angle is larger than that of joint inclination; Second, the numerical calculation model was founded by FLAG^3D, so as to find the stress and deformation responses of rock mass in the state before and after grouting, the analysis results show that the range between the boundary of critical slipping block and the joint plane that passes the slope toe is the effective grouting area （EGA）. After excavation, large deformation occurs along the joint plane. After grouting, the displacements of rock particles become uniform and continuous, and large deformations along the joint plane are controlled; the dynamic displacement can re- flect the deformation response of slope during excavation in the state before and after grouting, as well as the shear location of potential slip plane. After grouting, the dynamic displacement of each monitoring point reaches the peak value with very few time steps, which indicate that the parameters of the joint plane, such as strength and stiffness, are improved; the stress field becomes uniform. Tensile area reduces gradually; whole stability of the slope and its ability to resist tensile and shear stress are improved greatly.

Modeling and application of thermal contact resistance of ball screws

Aiming at determining the thermal contact resistance of ball screws,a new analytical method combining the minimum excess principle with the MB fractal theory is proposed to estimate thermal contact resistance of ball screws considering microscopic fractal characteristics of contact surfaces.The minimum excess principle is employed for normal stress analysis.Moreover,the MB fractal theory is adopted for thermal contact resistance.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by self-designed experiment.The comparison between theoretical and experimental results demonstrates that thermal contact resistance of ball screws can be obtained by the proposed method.On this basis,effects of fractal parameters on thermal contact resistance of ball screws are discussed.Moreover,effects of the axial load on thermal contact resistance of ball screws are also analyzed.The conclusion can be drawn that the thermal contact resistance decreases along with the fractal dimension D increase and it increases along with the scale parameter G increase,and thermal contact resistance of ball screws is retained almost constant along with axial load increase before the preload of the right nut turns into zero in value.The application of the proposed method is also conducted and validated by the temperature measurement on a self-designed test bed.

Influences of strain softening and seepage on elastic and plastic solutions of circular openings in nonlinear rock masses

Considering the influence of strain softening, the solutions of stress, displacement, plastic softening region radius and plastic residual region radius were derived for circular openings in nonlinear rock masses subjected to seepage. The radial stress distribution curve, ground reaction curve, and relation curve between plastic softening region radius and supporting force in three different conditions were drawn respectively. From the comparisons among these results for different conditions, it is found that when the supporting force is the same, the displacement of tunnel wall considering both seepage and strain softening is 85.71% greater than that only considering seepage. The increase values of radial displacement at 0.95 m and plastic softening region radius at 6.6 m show that the seepage and strain softening have the most unfavorable effects on circular opening stability in strain softening rock masses.

Longitudinal crack on slab surface at straightening stage during continuous casting using finite element method

Deformation behavior of slab at the straightening stage during continuous casting was simulated by the explicit dynamic finite element method,and the stress distribution along the width direction of the slab and its change regularity at slab center during continuous casting were obtained.The influence of distribution and change of stress on the propagation of longitudinal cracks on slab surface was discussed.The results show that the tensional stress appears on slab surface at the inner arc side and the compressive stress appears on slab surface at the outer arc side at stages 6-8 in straightening zone during continuous casting.Longitudinal cracks generally appear on slab top surface and do not appear on slab bottom surface,which are also observed in industry.

Thermal stress distribution around a thermally-insulated polygonal cutout in graphite/epoxy composite laminates under heat flux

In this study,the effect of influencing parameters on the stress distribution around a polygonal cutout within a laminated composite under uniform heat flux was analytically examined.The analytical method was developed based on the classical laminated plate theory and two-dimensional thermo-elastic method.A mapping function was employed to extend the solution of a perforated symmetric laminate with a circular cutout to the solution of polygonal cutouts.The effect of significant parameters such as the cutout angular position,bluntness and aspect ratio,the heat flux angle and the laminate stacking sequence in symmetric composite laminate containing triangular,square and pentagonal cutouts was studied.The Neumann boundary condition was used at the edges of the thermally insulated polygonal cutout.The laminate was made of graphite/epoxy(AS/3501) material with two different stacking sequences of [30/45]sand[30/0/-30]_(s).The analytical solutions were well validated against finite element results.

Effects of gully terrain on stress field distribution and ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining

This study proposes a novel approach to study stress field distribution and overlying ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining in gully terrain.This approach combines numerical simulations and field tests based on the conditions of gully terrain in the Chuancao Gedan Mine.The effects of gully terrain on the in situ stress field of coal beds can be identified by the ratio of self-weight stress to vertical stress(η) at the location corresponding to the maximum vertical stress.Based on the function η =j(h),the effect of gully terrain on the stress field of overlying strata of the entire field can be characterized as a significantly affected area,moderately affected area,or non-affected area.Working face 6106 in the Chuancao Gedan Mine had a coal bed Jepth <80 m and was located in what was identified as a significantly affected area.Hence,mining may cause sliding of the gully slope and increased loading(including significant dynamic loading) on the roof strata.Field tests suggest that significant dynamic pressures were observed at the body and foot of the gully slope,and that dynamic loadings were observed upslope of the working face expansion,provided that the expanding direction of the working face is parallel to the gully.

FEM analysis of vacuum hot bulge forming of Hastelloy C-276 thin-walled cylindrical workpiece

A stress relaxation test has been carried out for Hastelloy C-276 at temperature of 800 ~C and initial stress level of 250 MPa. Based on the experimental stress relaxation curve, the relationship between creep strain rate and stress has been derived. Then, a set of creep constitutive equations has been built and the values of constants arising in the constitutive equations have been determined by fitting the creep strain rate-stress curve. Close agreement between computed results and experimental ones is obtained for stress relaxation data. The creep constitutive equation set has been integrated with the commercial FE （finite element） solver MSC.Marc via the user defined subroutine, CRPLAW, for the vacuum hot bulge forming process modelling of Hastelloy C-276 thin-walled cylindrical workpiece. The temperature field, the radius-direction displacement field and the stress-strain field are calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the bulging dimension and the final internal diameter of workpiece are predicted and the test results verify the reliability of the finite element method.

The Deformation and Stress Analysis of Na Ba Reservoir Concrete Face Rock-Fill Dam

Based on the APDL （ANSYS Parametric Design Language） and combined with the actual project related to parameters of filling material, imported Duncan-Chang constitutive model which has been widely applied in soil mass and rock-fill in the ANSYS software. With the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis by the mid-point incremental method, what have been computed are the deformation and stress analysis ofNa Ba reservoir CFRD （Concrete Face Rock-fill Dam） in filling period. The calculation results provide practical reference for the dam during construction safety filling stress and deformation analysis and real-time monitoring.