分散或集中:国外机关事务管理模式概况及经验借鉴

国外机关事务采用哪一种管理模式,具有怎样的特点和适应性,以及由此衍生来的这种国家间的横向比较,对于分析我国机关事务管理模式具有非常重要的意义和价值。日本和英国是采用分散化管理模式的典型国家,分散化管理模式的适应性影响因素包括国家体制对机构设置的独立性要求、国家运行对机构变动的灵活性要求以及国家体量对各机构关系事务的复杂度;美国和俄罗斯是采用集中统一管理模式的典型国家,集中统一管理模式的适应性影响因素包括政府事务繁杂度与机关事务职能拓展的影响、机关事务管理在国家治理中的重要性以及机关事务管理的社会价值与公共价值。我国可借鉴的经验是:实现集中统一管理与精细化管理相结合,完善集中统一管理的顶层设计,实现机关事务集中统一管理的多元效益融合。

A Sedimentation-Dispersion Model for both Non-attached and Attached Particles in Three-Phase Batchwise Fluidized Beds

The axial concentration distribution of both particles with betterwetting (forming non-attached system) and poorer wetting (formingattached system) was investigated in a vertical gas-liquid-solidfluidized bed of 4.2 cm in diameters and 130 cm in height with thesolids holdup less than 0.05. The one-dimensionalsedimentation-dispersion model could be used satisfactorily todescribe the axial distribution of solids holdup by modifying only amodel parameter, i.e. by means of the terminal settling velocityminus a certain value, which is a functions of gas velocity andconsiders the effect of an additional drag force resulted fromattached rising bubbles.

Discretization Approach in Integrated Hydrologic Model for Surface and Groundwater Interaction

The commonly used discretization approaches for distributed hydrological models can be broadly categorized into four types,based on the nature of the discrete components:Regular Mesh,Triangular Irregular Networks(TINs),Representative Elementary Watershed(REWs) and Hydrologic Response Units(HRUs).In this paper,a new discretization approach for landforms that have similar hydrologic properties is developed and discussed here for the Integrated Hydrologic Model(IHM),a combining simulation of surface and groundwater processes,accounting for the interaction between the systems.The approach used in the IHM is to disaggregate basin parameters into discrete landforms that have similar hydrologic properties.These landforms may be impervious areas,related areas,areas with high or low clay or organic fractions,areas with significantly different depths-to-water-table,and areas with different types of land cover or different land uses.Incorporating discrete landforms within basins allows significant distributed parameter analysis,but requires an efficient computational structure.The IHM integration represents a new approach interpreting fluxes across the model interface and storages near the interface for transfer to the appropriate model component,accounting for the disparate discretization while rigidly maintaining mass conservation.The discretization approaches employed in IHM will provide some ideas and insights which are helpful to those researchers who have been working on the integrated models for surface-groundwater interaction.

政府部门内部机构设置的组织逻辑与整合策略——基于中美差异性的比较分析

机构改革不能仅仅局限于政府部门间整合的表面层次,而应深入到政府部门内部进行机构整合。政府部门内部机构整合化设置模式的典型代表,是美国联邦政府多数内阁部的事业部型组织结构,因此应当重视美国经验。但是,美国多数内阁部的内部机构整合化设置模式呈现出特殊的组织逻辑。在比较视野下,中国政府部门内部是一种典型的分散化机构设置模式,其组织逻辑与美国的整合化设置模式迥异,并具有自身逻辑自洽性、较稳定的组织体系与制度优势,这维持着其变化发展的既有形态与现实思路。另外,中美政府部门两种不同的内部机构设置模式恰恰形成利弊得失上的互补关系。因此,中国政府部门内部分散化机构设置模式存在的各种弊端,需要将美国某些经验与中国政府部门内部组织逻辑相对接,创造性的探索政府部门内部机构整合的现实策略。