天然气长输管道分输压力控制系统分析

近些年来,全球对于能源的使用越来越多,进而导致了全球能源的整体匮乏,因此对于可再生能源的研究和使用就成为了各国关注的重点。众所周知,天然气作为被使用最为广泛的可再生能源,其应用前景巨大。所以文章将详细分析有关天然气长输管道压力分输控制资源配置系统的相关技术研究,并基于国内外运输技术相关的规范标准,来探讨有关天然气长输管道分输压力控制的资源配置和系统设计。

乙醇在正己烷中的解缔与超额焓

测定了不同温度和浓度下乙醇与正己烷液体混合物的热压力系数及内压,并用修正的vanderWaals模型关联了这些实验数据,从模型参数B/A2得到了一个乙醇自缔合随组成而遭破坏程度的公式.根据这个公式设想了一个醇与烃的混合模型,建立了混合物的超额焓方程,它能够满意地描述上述混合物的超额焓随组成的变化规律。

机械活化铁氧化物的气基还原热力学

为揭示机械活化对铁氧化物气基还原的影响机理,探讨了铁氧化物气基还原热力学与铁氧化物机械力储能之间的关系。结果表明:机械活化铁氧化物的每个气基还原反应都存在一个特征临界CO或H2压力分数,只有在还原所需最低CO或H2压力分数高于其特征临界压力分数时还原温度才随储能的增加而降低,反之则还原温度随储能的增加而升高,这使得机械活化仅对降低某些铁氧化物气基还原反应的温度有利而对降低其他铁氧化物气基还原反应的温度反而不利。另一方面,铁氧化物气基还原所需最低CO或H2压力分数都随储能的增加而减小,因此机械活化对提高所有铁氧化物气基还原反应的还原气利用率均有利。

碳气化反应热力学的影响因素分析

碳气化反应是铁氧化物碳热还原的重要环节.为了揭示各因素对碳气化反应热力学的影响规律,本文就温度对碳气化反应平衡常数和平衡CO压力分数,碳储能对平衡常数、平衡温度和平衡CO压力分数,以及总压和惰性气体分压对平衡温度和平衡CO压力分数的影响进行了理论分析.结果表明,储能/温度一定时,平衡常数随温度/储能的增加而增大.储能、总压和惰气分压一定时,平衡CO压力分数随温度的升高而增大;温度、总压和惰气分压一定时,平衡CO压力分数随储能的增加而增大,导致在一定总压和惰气分压下达到相同的平衡CO压力分数所需温度降低.在温度、储能和惰性气体分压一定的条件下,当总压、惰气分压和平衡常数之间满足一定代数关系时,平衡CO压力分数随总压的增加而增大/减小,导致在一定储能和惰气分压下达到相同的平衡CO压力分数所需温度降低/提高.在一定温度、储能和总压下,平衡CO压力分数随惰气分压的增加而减小,导致在一定储能和总压下达到相同平衡CO压力分数所需温度提高.

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM BASED ON THERMAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

A mathematical model of principal elements of the aircraft hydraulic system is presented based on the heat transfer theory. The dynamic heat transfer process of the hydraulic oil and the pump shells within an aircraft hydraulic system are analyzed by the difference method. A kind of means for the prediction to variational trends of the aircraft hydraulic system temperature is provided during operation. The numerical prediction and simulation under the operational conditions are presented for ground trial running and the decelerated operation in flight. Computational results show that there is a good coincidence between the experimental data and the numerical predictions.

Effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around a roadway—insight from numerical modeling

The importance of the pre-tensioned force of rock bolts has been recognized by more and more researchers. To investi- gate the effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around roadways, a numerical analysis was carried out using FLAC3D and a special post-process methodology, using surfer, is proposed to process the numerical simulation results. The results indicate that pre-tensioned rock bolts have a significant effect on stress redistribution around a roadway. In the roof, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase vertical stress; as a result, the strength of the rock mass increased significantly which results in a greater capacity of bearing a large horizontal stress. The horizontal stress decreases in the upper section of the roof, indicating that pre-tensioned rock bolts significantly reduce the coefficient and the size of the region concentration of horizontal stress. At the lat- eral side, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase the horizontal stress; therefore, the rock mass strength significantly increases which results also in a greater capacity of bearing a large vertical stress. The greater the size of pre-tensioned force, the larger the region of stress redistribution around a roadway is affected and the higher the size of the stress on the roadway surface the more the rock mass strength increases.

Study on hydrostatic gas lubricated non-contacting mechanical seal

The principle and characteristics of hydrostatic gas lubricated non-contacting mechanical seal （HSGLNMS） are introduced. The flow field of the gas film is established by numerical analysis of end faces of HSGLNMS. The distribution of gas film pressure and seal performance parameters inclu- ding opening force and leakage are obtained. Influence of operating parameters and sealing configu- ration on the sealing performance is studied. HSGLNMS has been designed and manufactured. Its working film thickness and leakage are measured to verify the theoretical analysis. The investigation results show that HSGLNMS demonstrates good speed adaptability, which means that the seal runs successfully with both low and high speed, showing excellent performance. The seal can be regula- ted and controlled online ; the opening force will not be raised greatly with the increasing of the num- ber of throttle orifices, but the leakage of seal increases apparently ; the uniform pressure groove im- proves the sealing performance, for example, opening force and stiffness are raised obviously. While leakage is reduced. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by experiment.

Shear stress distribution and characteristics of deformation for shear band-elastic body system at pre-peak and post-peak

The distributed shear stress and the displacement across shear band, the evolution of plastic zones, and the load-carrying capacity of rock specimen were investigated in plane strain direct shear test according to Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua （FLAC）. And then the shear displacement distribution in normal direction of system composed of localized shear band and elastic rock was analyzed based on gradient-dependent plasticity. The adopted failure criterion was a composite of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, that is, the relation between tension cut-off and postpeak constitutive of rock was linear strain-softening. Numerical results show that shear stress field approximately undergoes three different stages. At first, shear stress is only concentrated in the middle of top and base of specimen. Next, shear stress in the middle of specimen tends to increase, owing to superposition of shear stresses. Interestingly, two peaks of shear stress appear far from the loading ends of specimen, and the peaks approach with the increase in timestep until elements at the center of specimen yield. Finally, relatively lower shear stress level is reached in large part of specimen except in the regions near the two ends. As flow stress decreases, the analytical shear displacement distribution in shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity becomes steeps outside the band, it is linear and its slope tends to decrease. These theoretical results qualitatively agree with that of the present numerical predicted results. Main advantage of the analytical solution over the numerical results according to FLAC is that it is continuous, smooth and non-linear （except at elastic stage）.

Numerical Analysis of Finite Deformation of Overbroken Rock Mass in Gob Area Based on Euler Model of Control Volume

The overbroken rock mass of gob areas is made up of broken and accumulated rock blocks compressed to some extent by the overlying strata. The beating pressure of the gob can directly affect the safety of mining fields, formarion of road retained along the next goaf and seepage of water and methane through the gob. In this paper, the software RFPA＇2000 is used to construct numerical models. Especially the Euler method of control volume is proposed to solve the simulation difficulty arising from plastically finite deformations. The results show that three characteristic regions occurred in the gob area： （1） a naturally accumulated region, 0-10 m away from unbroken surrounding rock walls, where the beating pressure is nearly zero; （2） an overcompacted region, 10-20 m away from unbroken walls, where the beating pressure results in the maximum value of the gob area; （3） a stable compaction region, more than 20 m away from unbroken walls and occupying absolutely most of the gob area, where the beating pressures show basically no differences. Such a characteristic can exolain the easy-seeoaged “O”-ring phenomena around mining fields very well.

Non-complete relief method for measuring surface stresses in surrounding rocks

The measurement of surface stresses in surrounding rocks with the use of a relief method of annular hole-drilling was studied by numerical analysis. The stress relief process by hole-drilling was then simulated with the use of finite element method. The influences of the borehole diameter(d), the initial stresses and the ratio of the initial principle stresses on the variations of the remained stress and the released stress in function of the relief depth(h) were discussed. The relation between the non-dimensional ratio of the released principle strains and that of the initial principle stresses, and the effect of the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the rock mass on the stress relief curves were studied. The results show that the stress relief behavior formulated with the non-dimensional ratio of the released stress and the ratio of h/d is only sensitive to the ratio of the initial principle stresses and the Poisson ratio. The stresses are completely released when h equals 1.6d, and the tensile stresses take place on the bore core surface in the relief measurement process. Finally, a non-complete relief method of annular hole-drilling for measuring surface stress in surrounding rocks is proposed and the procedure is presented.

Limit analysis of roof collapse in tunnels under seepage forces condition with three-dimensional failure mechanism

The state of roof collapse in tunnels is actually three-dimensional, so constructing a three-dimensional failure collapse mechanism is crucial so as to reflect the realistic collapsing scopes more reasonably. According to Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, the solution for describing the shape of roof collapse in circular or rectangular tunnels subjected to seepage forces is derived by virtue of variational calculation. The seepage forces calculated from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution are taken as external loading in the limit analysis, and it is of great convenience to compute the pore pressure with pore pressure coefficient. Consequently, the effect of seepage forces is taken as a work rate of external force and incorporated into the upper bound limit analysis. The numerical results of collapse dimensions with different rock parameters show great validity and agreement by comparing with the results of that with two-dimensional failure mechanism.

"Nonlinear" characteristics of the static earth pressure coefficient in thick alluvium

Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate/Co values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient （K0） of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-meehanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defimed by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.

Science Letters:Analytical solution for fixed-end beam subjected to uniform load

A bi-harmonic stress function is constructed in this work. Ariy stress function methodology is used to obtain a set of analytical solutions for both ends fixed beams subjected to uniform load. The treatment for fixed-end boundary conditions is the same as that presented by Timoshenko and Goodier (1970). The solutions for propped cantilever beams and cantilever beams are also presented. All of the analytical plane-stress solutions can be obtained for a uniformly loaded isotropic beam with rectangular cross section under different types of classical boundary conditions.

Stability assessment of the freeway over the gob of coalmine

The freeway passes over the gob area of the Zaibo coalmine or its neighbor- hood when it is built. It is a noticeable problem that the construction of freeway and the underground coal mining interact, especially the deformation and destruction of the gob area of the coalmine influence the long-term stability of the freeway. In the paper, based on the actual data of the exploration about the gob area of Zaibo coalmine and the built project of the freeway,the variety rule of the coal beds below the freeway was studied by using of FEM during the process of coal mining. The statuses of the stresses and strains,the varieties of the plastic area were simulated in the whole rock mass. The characters of stresses and deformation of the gob area of the coalmine were analyzed and evaluated after the freeway built. The long-term stability of the gob area was pre- dicted. The deformation of the gob area under the freeway has not been finished, and the relative measures must be taken.

Experimental Study on 3D Geometrical and Fractal Characteristics of Fracture Surface of Rock-Like Materials Based on GIS Technique

In order to research the characteristic and mechanism of fracture of rock-like materials,the morphology of rock fracture surface under the breakages of uniaxial compression and triaxial compression was observed and measured by means of a new-type 3D laser scanning system.Based on geographic information system(GIS)technique,the fracture surfaces were 3D visualized and reestablished.According to GIS 3D statistics,the geometrical characteristics of fracture surfaces under different breakage conditions were analyzed,and then based on fractal theory,the change laws of fractal dimension of fracture surfaces were discussed under the conditions of different cell pressures and initial water contents of rock.Furthermore,the relationships between characteristics of fracture surface and mechanical properties of rock were discussed.The results indicate that cell pressure,initial water content,and mechanical parameters of rock are the important factors to influence on the geometrical characteristics of fracture surface.The research provides a new experimental method for quantitative study on the fracture characteristics of various materials under different breakage conditions.

Crack branching mechanism of rock-like quasi-brittle materials under dynamic stress

The cracking patterns of a thin sheet with a pre-existing crack subjected to dynamic loading are numerically simulated to investigate the mechanism of crack branching by using the FEM method.Six numerical models were set up to study the effects of load,tensile strength and heterogeneity on crack branching.The crack propagation is affected by the applied loads,tensile strength and heterogeneity.Before crack branching,the crack propagates by some distance along the direction of the pre-existing crack.For the materials with low heterogeneity,the higher the applied stress level is and the lower the tensile strength of the material is,the shorter the propagation distance is.Moreover,the branching angle becomes larger and the number of branching cracks increases.In the case of the materials with high heterogeneity,a lot of disordered voids and microcracks randomly occur along the main crack,so the former law is not obvious.The numerical results not only are in good agreement with the experimental observations in laboratory,but also can be extended to heterogeneity media.The work can provide a good approach to model the cracking and fracturing of heterogeneous quasi-brittle materials,such as rock,under dynamic loading.

Synthesis of nanostructured Mg_2FeH_6 hydride and hydrogen sorption properties of complex

Reactive mechanical alloying(RMA)was carried out in a planetary ball mill for the synthesis of ternary hydride Mg2FeH6 for hydrogen storage.The formation mechanism of Mg2FeH6 in RMA process and the sorption properties of the products were investigated.The results show that Mg2FeH6 has a yield ratio around 80%,and a grain size below 10 nm in the powder synthesized by milling 3Mg+Fe mixture for 150 h under the hydrogen pressure of 1 MPa.The synthesized powder possesses a high hydrogen capacity and good sorption kinetics,and absorbs 4.42%(mass fraction)of hydrogen within 200 s at 623 K under the hydrogen pressure of 4.0 MPa.In releasing hydrogen at 653 K under 0.1 MPa,it desorbs 4.43%(mass fraction)of hydrogen within 2 000 s.The addition of Ti increases the hydrogen desorption rate of the complex in the initial 120 s of the desorption process.

Probabilistic limit state design methodof the axial resistance of post grouting pile

The reliability of post grouting pile axial resistance was studied by proposing a design method for its probabilistic limit state,which is represented by the partial coefficients of load,end,and side resistance.The hyperbolic,modified hyperbolic,and polynomial models were employed to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of test piles that were not loaded to damage in field tests.The results were used for the calculation and calibration of the reliability index.The reliability of the probabilistic limit state design method was verified by an engineering case.The results show that the prediction results obtained from the modified hyperbolic model are closest to those obtained through the static load test.The proposed corresponding values of total,side,and end resistance partial coefficients are 1.84,1.66,and 2.73 when the dead and live load partial coefficients are taken as 1.1 and 1.4,respectively.Meanwhile,the corresponding partial coefficients of total,side,and end resistance are 1.70,1.56,and 2.34 when the dead and live load partial coefficients are taken as 1.2 and 1.4,respectively.

Numerical analysis of coal-gas flow and pressure relief on the mining method of extreme short-range protective strata

The coal-gas existing condition was ameliorated in the coal seams prone to coal-gas outburst adopting the mining method of protective strata.The gas volume and the gas pressure were reduced synchronously in the protected coal seam,and the coal seam of high permeability prone to the coal-gas outburst was changed into that of low perme- ability with no proneness to the coal-gas outburst.The D_(15)coal seam was treated as the protective strata,and the D_(16-17)coal seam was treated as the protected strata in the Fifth coal mine in the Pingdingshan Coal Mining Group.The distance between the two coal seams was 5 m averagely,clarified into the extreme short-range protective strata.The numerical analysis was based on the theory of the porous media flow with the finite ele- ment method.The gas flow process and the change mechanism of the coal-gas pressure were analyzed in the process of mining the protective strata.

Pressure Drop Measurements on Distillation Columns

Pressure drops are of major importance for distillation/absorption columns. This paper mainly discusses how to correctly measure, interpret and use pressure drop data. The possible causes of incorrect pressure drop measurements are studied including the effects of pressure tap dimensions, locations, and vapor condensation etc. The effect of the static head of vapor on the pressure drop data and column pressures is evaluated. Variations of sectional pressure drops along the column are investigated based on the experimental data obtained from commercial size distillation columns at Fractionation Research, Inc. （FRI）. For a packed column, it is found that the spacing between the liquid distributor and the top of the bed affects the overall pressure drop measurements, which is confirmed by a fundamental fluid dynamics analysis.