CFD技术在Φ16m等大型种分槽的研究与应用

近年来，新建氧化铝生产线向大型化发展，需要开发直径中16～20m甚至更大种分槽。现有种分槽搅拌研发技术手段落后，而Intermig和CBY搅拌装置沉淀结疤严重且能耗偏高，也无法满足大型种分槽的要求。我们采用软件模拟仿真技术，用自主研发的HSG／HQG高性能搅拌装置，研发成功Ф16X（37-42）m系列种分槽。本文对中16～20m种分槽HSG／HQG和Intermig搅拌装置进行了数值模拟对比分析，结合Ф16×（37～42）m系列种分槽实际应用情况，验证了高性能搅拌仿真模拟技术准确可靠、技术先进，采用HSG／HQG高性能搅拌装置的中16m种分槽具有低能耗、低沉淀结疤等优良的使用效果。

A novel immiscible high entropy alloy strengthened via L1_(2)-nanoprecipitate

The low-cost Fe-Cu,Fe-Ni,and Cu-based high-entropy alloys exhibit a widespread utilization prospect.However,these potential applications have been limited by their low strength.In this study,a novel Fe_(31)Cu_(31)Ni_(28)Al_(4)Ti_(3)Co_(3) immiscible high-entropy alloy(HEA)was developed.After vacuum arc melting and copper mold suction casting,this HEA exhibits a unique phase separation microstructure,which consists of striped Cu-rich regions and Fe-rich region.Further magnification of the striped Cu-rich region reveals that it is composed of a Cu-rich dot-like phase and a Fe-rich region.The aging alloy is further strengthened by a L1_(2)-Ni_(3)(AlTi)nanoprecipitates,achieving excellent yield strength(1185 MPa)and uniform ductility(~8.8%).The differential distribution of the L1_(2) nanoprecipitate in the striped Cu-rich region and the external Fe-rich region increased the strength difference between these two regions,which increased the strain gradient and thus improved hetero-deformation induced(HDI)hardening.This work provides a new route to improve the HDI hardening of Fe-Cu alloys.

Separation of manganese from calcium and magnesium in sulfate solutions via carbonate precipitation

The separation of manganese from sulfate solutions containing 14.59 g/L Mn2+, 1.89 g/L Mg2+ and 1.54 g/L Ca2+ was preformed successfully by carbonate precipitation. The results of thermodynamic analysis and tests indicate that carbonate precipitation holds better selectivity for manganese over magnesium than hydroxide precipitation and the feeding method is the most critical factor for minimizing the co-precipitation of calcium and magnesium. Furthermore, with adding MnSO4 solution to NH4HCO3 solution, the effects of the initial NH4HCO3 concentration, NH4HCO3 amount, solution pH value, reaction temperature and time on carbonate precipitation were evaluated and the optimum precipitation conditions were obtained. Under the optimum conditions, the precipitation rates of Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are 99.75%, 5.62% and 1.43%, respectively. Moreover, the prepared manganese carbonate was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results demonstrate that the product can be indexed to the rhombohedral structure of MnCO3.

Preparation of fibrous nickel powder by precipitation transformation coupled with thermal decomposition

Fibrous particulate precursor was obtained by precipitation transformation in the ternary solution system of ammonium oxalate, nickel chloride and ammonia. The composition and morphology of precursor were characterized by XRD, SEM, IR and DTA/TGA analyses. The results show that the chemical composition and morphology of precursor precipitates at pH=8.4？8.8 are different from those of precursor precipitates at pH=6.0, and the mechanisms of the thermal decomposition of the precursors are different. The effects of various conditions in the process of thermal decomposition, including precursor morphology, atmosphere, temperature and time on the morphology and dispersion degree of obtained nickel powders were studied in detail. The final product inherits the morphology of precursor when the thermal decomposition is conducted under a weakly reducing atmosphere at temperature range of 400？440 °C for 30 min. Fibrous nickel powder can be produced with good dispersion, and its shape changes from smooth, straight and compact fiber into loose and curved fiber with rough surface.

A method for calculation of ion distribution in reaction system forming hydroxide

A formula was proposed to calculate the distribution of metal ions quantitatively in chemical reaction system forming hydroxide where precipitation and complex are formed together. The effects of some factors on formation of precipitation and complex were investigated, and the corresponding precipitation rates of zinc, iron （III）, aluminum, copper and magnesium were calculated. As a result, it shows that the proposed formula is reliable. By the proposed formula, the existence state of metal ions in hydroxides reaction system with any metal ions can be well described and the effects of some factors on the distribution of metal ions were determined.

农药失效的判别法

1.乳剂农药 乳剂农药通常呈乳油状,一般条件下贮存不分层,不沉淀,如见有分层或沉淀现象,可用如下方法判断是否失效。①震荡法:将药瓶上下震荡,

对依靠法律手段收贷的逆向思考

依靠法律手段(以下简称“手段”)收贷,简单地说,就是依据法律条文,按照法律程序,借助司法机关追收到逾期贷款。近年来,各专业银行特别是农业银行运用“手段”追收到逾期贷款,虽然收回了一些旧贷,搞活了一部分沉淀资金,也教育了一部分群众,增强了法制观念。但是,一些行在实际工作中不能正确地运用“手段”,而是滥用“手段”,主要靠“手段”追收到逾期贷款。本人认为;这样做,在实际工作产生不良副作用,在理论上也是不能成立的。

浅谈清理信贷资产的作用

1988年度,全州县农行对全县的资产进行了全面清理。通过清理,不但找出了形成信贷资金沉淀的原因,为今后管好信贷资产提供了经验教训,同时收回了非正常贷款453万元,占非正常贷款1241万元的36.5％,其中收回“两呆”资金143万元,占收回非正常贷款的31.4％,盘活了一部分沉淀多年的贷款,对缓和信贷资金供求矛盾,起到了积极作用。 一、查清了两呆资金形成的原因 通过清理信贷资产,进一步弄清形成“两呆”资金的原因。既有主观上的,也有客观上的,从主观方面来看,有下列几种原因。 1.信贷管理水平落后于经济形势的发展。1982年,农业生产实行家庭联产承包责任制时,银行没能及时组织力量全力以赴,把生产队集体贷款债务分摊落实下去,致使大批贷款无法对承包户进行催收而形成沉淀。

专业银行商业化改革的现实思考

一、专业银行商业化的现实困扰 1)银行信贷资产的质量低下。据统计。1993年工商银行新发生呆帐、挤占挪用和逾期贷款1975亿元,比1992年同期增加627.4亿元,1993年末余额达到2338.9亿元,占同期各项贷款余额的21.03％,其他专业银行也存在类似的情况。信贷资产质量不高,资金包袱沉重,导致银行超负荷运营的问题十分突出。对这部分沉淀、凝固和流失的资产处置,是相当困难的。而不解决这个问题,专业银行是很难向商业银行转化的。

稀土元素在岩浆和水热系统的实验岩石学和地球化学研究进展

稀土元素对绿色科技的发展具有至关重要的作用,随着世界范围内新兴技术的发展进程对稀土的需求日益提高,稀土矿床成矿机理的研究已经成为目前国际地学的研究热点。稀土元素分配行为的高温高压实验能够为研究稀土在岩浆和水热系统中的迁移、分异和沉淀机制提供有效制约,为了解稀土元素地球化学行为和稀土成矿作用提供重要的理论基础。本文总结了近年来关于稀土元素在岩浆-热液体系中分配行为的高温高压实验研究进展,其中包括部分熔融作用稀土的分配行为,液态不混熔过程中稀土在共轭熔体相之间的分配系数,分离结晶作用过程中稀土在结晶矿物相与残余熔体相之间的分配系数,岩浆演化后期稀土在熔体和分异流体相之间的分配行为,以及稀土在热液流体中的迁移、分异和沉淀机制的相关研究。基于目前的实验研究结果,本文提出了稀土实验地球化学研究中依旧存在的一些问题:部分熔融作用对于成矿物质组成的影响,碳酸盐熔体和硅酸盐熔体液态不混熔对于碳酸岩稀土成矿作用的影响,岩浆晚期演化的热液流体对于稀土成矿作用的影响,稀土元素在液态不混熔、分离结晶和热液交代过程中的分异和富集机制等,并对未来需要继续完善和拓展的方向提出了展望。

Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of Atmospheric Water Vapor Transport in the Haihe River Basin

The seasonal mean atmospheric precipitable water and water vapor transport over the Haihe River Basin （HRB） in North China with a focus on their interannual to interdecadal variability, and then the relationships of the interannual and interdecadal variability of the water cycle over the HRB to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） and E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） phenomena were investigated using the observational and National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） reanalysis data. There was a strong interdecadal variability for the water cycle （such as precipitation and water vapor transport） over the region, with an abrupt change occurring mostly in the mid 1970s. The intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon largely affected the atmospheric water vapor transport. Generally, the net meridional convergence of the water vapor flux over the region was relatively large before 1965, and it declined gradually from then on with a further notable decrease since mid 1970s. Zonal water vapor transport was similar to meridional, but with a much smaller magnitude and no noteworthy turning in the mid 1970s. Results also suggested that the wind field played an important role in the water vapor transport over the HRB before the mid 1960s, and the interdecadal variability of the water cycle （precipitation, water vapor transport, etc.） in the summer was related to the PDO; however, interannual variation of the water vapor transport could also be related to the ENSO phenomena.

Isotope systematics and metallogenetic age of Zhuanghe gold deposit, Liaoning province, China

Based on the metallogenetic geology conditions, the H, O, C and S isotopic compositions were measured by MAT-251 mass spectrometer, and Pb isotope and Rb-Sr dating were carried with MAT-261 multi-acceptor mass spectrometer. The results show that the δ^180 values of gold-bearing vein quartz from different levels are 1.19%-1.42%. The calculated δ^180 values of ore fluids are 0.55%-0.78%, and 319 values are from -8.64% to -6.66%. The calculated values of δ^34SH2s by the δ^34Spy values in quartz veins display sulfur isotope compositions from -0.053% to ＋0.413%. Carbon isotope compositions of carbonates are from -0.612% to 0.140%. The mole ratios of ^206Pb to ^204Pb, ^207Pb to ^204Pb and ^208Pb to ^204Pb in auriferous quartz vein are 16.987-17.545, 15.342-15.623, and 38.254-38.744, respectively. The age of the Zhuanghe gold deposit determined by Rb-Sr isochron of the fluid inclusions in quartzes is （143.0±5.8） Ma. These isotopic data suggest that the metallogenetic fluids are generated from magmatic hydrotherm and the origin of ore-forming matters is related to the deep-derived magmatic activities. Meanwhile, the metallogenetic epoch of the Zhuanghe gold deposit is in Yanshanian period.

Science Letters:On the critical radius in generalized Ostwald ripening

The relation between the critical radius and the particle size distribution for generalized Ostwald type ripening processes whereby the mass transfer coefficient is modelled by a power law was derived. The critical radius is determined by the growth rate, the mass transfer coefficient and the mass balance, and is independent of whether the limiting stationary growth regime has been obtained.

Separation of diaspore from bauxite by selective flocculation using hydrolyzed polyacrylamide

Selective flocculation is a new method to solve the problem of China's bauxite de-silication besides flotation and reverse flotation. The method of selective flocculation of bauxite using hydrolyzed polyacrylamide as flocculant was experimented and evaluated. The results of diaspore and kaolinite single mineral settling tests show that the difference between settlement yield of kaolinite(settling 15 min) and diaspore(settling 3 min) increases from 16% to 60% by adding flocculant at pH=7. Results of selective flocculation experiment of bauxite show that the higher concentrate grade(65.75) and Al-Si ratio(7.34) could be obtained with sodium carbonate as dispersant compared with sodium hexametaphosphate; under the action of flocculating agent, the concentrate grade and Al-Si ratio increase to 67.99 and 9.01. These results could meet the requirements of Bayer production, and the simpler process was expected to cost far less than traditional flotation method and a promising de-silication method of bauxite.

Recovery of magnetite from waste ferrous sulfate using polyethylene glycol(PEG) as a dispersant

The effect of PEG dispersant on the magnetic separation of magnetite（Fe3O4） synthesized from ferrous sulfate solution via co-precipitation method with calcium hydroxide as the precipitant was investigated. The results indicated that a PEG dispersant could significantly affect Fe3O4 recovery. Adding PEG during the preparation of Fe3O4 was unfavorable for Fe3O4 recovery. When the PEG-6000 concentration was increased from 0 to 8 g/L, the iron grade and median particle size of the Fe3O4 product decreased from 65.58% and 2.35 μm to 57.79% and 1.35 μm, respectively. However, adding PEG during the wet milling of the mixed product promoted the subsequent recovery of Fe3O4. When the amount of PEG-200 increased from 0% to 4% of the powder mass, the grade of iron in the Fe3O4 product increased from 65.58% to 68.32%. While the relative molecular mass of PEG at an amount of 4% of the powder mass increased from 200 to 20000, the grade of iron was reduced from 68.32% to 66.70%.

Germanium separation and purification by leaching and precipitation

In this research work, extraction and purification of germanium from zinc leach residues(ZLR) were investigated. The results of ICP, XRF, and atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS) tests show that contents of germanium, iron, lead, and zinc within the leaching residue were 105×10^(-6), 3.53%, 10.35%, and 8.8%, respectively. XRD results indicate that the main minerals were in different forms of sulfates(CaSO_4·2H_2O, PbSO_4 and ZnSO_4·6H__2O), silicate(SiO_2), and oxide(Fe_2O_3). Dissolution of leaching filter cake was carried out using 5 parameters and each in 4 levels(acid concentration, temperature, time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and stirring speed) by Taguchi method(L_(16)), and then optimization of the effective parameters by response surface method. Under optimum conditions, zinc and germanium dissolution efficiencies were 88.71% and 8%, respectively. Leaching tests with sulfuric acid(added di-ammonium oxalate monohydrate) and hydrochloric acid(HCl) on the residues obtained from previous-stage sulfuric acid dissolution, yielded germanium and iron recoveries of 83%, 88%, 40%, and 90%, respectively. Thus, leaching experiment with sulfuric acid(added di-ammonium oxalate monohydrate) was superior to that with hydrochloric acid due to high and low extraction amounts of germanium and iron, respectively. Precipitation experiments revealed that germanium purification with tannic acid presented a better result compared to sodium hydroxide and ammonia. Under optimum conditions, contents of germanium and iron in the solution after precipitation were 0.1505% and 14.7% with precipitation yields of 91% and 52%, respectively.

Production of Amylase from Saccharomyces diastaticus sp. and Hydrolysis of Cassava Pulps for Alcohol Production

Amylolytic enzymes are currently investigated to improve industrial processes of starch degradation. Saccharomyces diastaticus 2047 isolated from cassava waste showed amylase and glucoamylase production, using starch medium, and the highest rate was obtained in the initial growth phase, after incubation for 24 h at pH 5.5. Maximum amylase and glucoamylase activities （483.62 U mg^-1 protein and 290.85 U mg^-1 protein） were obtained at pH 5.5. The isolated enzymes exhibited thermostable properties as indicated by retention of 100% of residual activity at 55 ℃ for 45 min with total inhibition at 100 ℃. Extracellular enzyme from S diastaticus 2047 was partially purified by fractionated precipitation with ammonium sulphate. After 40% saturation produced 2,197.00 and 1,192.83 U/mg protein, and yield was 40% with purification 4.54 and 4.1 fold, respectively. This study presents feasibility on ethanol production from cassava pulps pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation （SSF） with S. diastaticus 2047. The results indicated that the culture was able to produce ethanol with high yield without amylolytic enzyme adding by using cassava pulps pretreated with distilled water at 135 ℃ under pressure of 15 lb/inch^2 to produce ethanol yield as high as the cassava pulps pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid under the same condition. This suggests that S diastaticus with enzyme produced has potential for industrial applications.

Relationship between alumina mixing characteristics and feeder configurations in aluminum reduction cells

Because of the increasingly prominent problem of alumina content inhomogeneity in large or super-scale aluminum reduction cells,a transient numerical model for the alumina mixing process was developed for a400kA cell,and the relationship between the alumina content distribution and electrolyte flow field was analyzed.In the ANSYS software platform,several numerical simulation cases were presented to display the influence of the feeder configuration on the alumina mixing characteristics.The results showed that a large vortex flow of the molten electrolyte is beneficial for alumina mixing and uniform distribution in the inner areas of the vortexes.The alumina particles reach the inter-electrode zone in10?15s from the beginning of the feeding action,and the risk of early precipitation occurs in10?25s after the feeding.It was also found that a suitable grouping of feeders could reduce the content fluctuation and gradient.Therefore,a feeding on demand strategy was proposed,and the simulation results showed that although the spatial characteristics are not changed,the uniformity of the alumina content was markedly improved.

Effect of Mercury Deposition on Mercury Content and Distribution in Rye Grass

A grass (Italian rye grass) experiment with complete design of three factors (Hg, grass and exposure) andtwo levels (with and without the factor tested) was carried out in Goteborg, Sweden from May to September,1995, toward understanding the effect of mercury deposition on plant Hg conteot and its distribution. It hasbeen foulld that besides the two general pathways of Hg absorption, i.e. root uptake and foliar absorption,mercury deposition can also significantly increase Hg content and total load in grass plant. Such effectsseem to be condned only within the above-ground parts of grass plant. Estimate has been made to makeclear of the contributions of different pathways to Hg content and total Hg load in the upper part of grass.Results showed that the coDtribution of Hg deposition accounted for 27%-32% of Hg content in the above-ground parts of grass plant without adding Hg to the soil, decreasing with the increase of soil and/or air Hgconcentrations. The increment of Hg load in the upper part of grass plant caused by Hg deposition duringan interval of two weeks varied between O.o1~O.o7 pg pot-1, contributing to 17%~48% of the total Hg loadin grass plant exposed.