电力复合脂分油率对接头端子温升的影响

为了研究电力复合脂分油率对接头端子搭接部位温升的影响,在分析不同分油率电力复合脂对接头端子温升影响机理的基础上,对涂不同分油率电力复合脂的接头端子分别进行了试验研究及有限元计算,并建立了接头端子温升预测模型。研究结果表明:接头端子搭接部位的温升随时间呈指数上升趋势;分油率<3%的电力复合脂在常温及交变环境温度作用下均能够保持性能稳定,若接头端子搭接部位的电阻降低8%～14%,则温度降低6%～7%,接头端子温度呈搭接部位低非搭接部位高的分布形式,且该电力复合脂在接头端子搭接部位不均匀分布时其功效会降低;分油率>3%的电力复合脂常温下易发生劣化,在交变环境温度作用下劣化会加速,若接头端子搭接部位的电阻升高8%～47%,则温度升高3%～7%,接头端子温度呈搭接部位高非搭接部位低的分布形式。研究结果可为电力复合脂在特高压直流换流站中的应用提供参考。

油田污水清水剂的复配

根据聚胺与聚合氯化铝的不同复配比例,研制了可用于油田污水处理的无机阳离子聚合氯化铝-阳离子有机絮凝剂(聚胺)清水剂。实验通过紫外吸光度计算分油率,测得聚胺与聚合氯化铝复配比例为1.2∶1时,分油清水功效最好。

1．5Mt／a加氢裂化装置的运行和FC-14催化剂的应用

金陵分公司于2005年初建成的加氢裂化装置加工能力为1．5 Mt／a(单套),加工含硫原油的直馏和焦化瓦斯油,采用单段两剂工艺和新开发的最大量生产中间馏分油的FC-14单段加氢裂化催化剂。FC-14催化剂在无定形加氯裂化催化剂的基础上复合了少量的分子筛,有较高的抗氮和氨的能力。该装置的主要特点有:①不设高压高温循环油泵,不设裂化段高压加热炉;②循环油直接进入精制段;③采用热高压分离流程;④反应器按两台串联设计。该装置的初期运行表明,装置运行平稳,中间馏分油收率高,产品质量优良,能耗较低。

Seismic Acquisition in the Beach of the Shengli Oilfield

The beach of the Shengli oilfield, as the prospect for steady continuous development of the Shengli oilfield, has a large area, special geographic and geological conditions, and other technical difficulties so that exploration has been slow. Seismic acquisition methods in the beach area and very shallow water have been investigated and, with the introduction of new equipment, given rise to more sophisticated acquisition geometries. A series of improved seismic exploration methods in the beach area and very shallow water are established by analyzing different shot and receiver parameters. As a result, S/N ratio and resolution of seismic data have been improved significantly to identify subsurface structures, improve reservoir description, and increase reserves and production.

掺炼油浆对原油蒸馏过程及沥青性质的影响

以催化油浆为强化剂,对绥中36-1原油进行实沸点蒸馏,考察了掺兑油浆对馏分油收率、沥青及侧线油性质的影响,并分析了油浆对原油蒸馏的作用机理。结果表明:在相同的蒸馏温度下,随着油浆掺兑比的增大,馏分油的收率逐渐增加,沥青的针入度则逐渐降低;在蒸馏相同标号的沥青时,掺兑油浆使原油的蒸馏温度降低;与原油直馏沥青相比,掺兑油浆所得沥青的针入度指数及动力黏度(60℃)逐渐降低,四组分中饱和分、胶质含量增加,芳香分、沥青质含量降低;随着油浆掺兑比的增大,原油蒸馏200~450℃侧线油的运动黏度、密度(20℃)及各馏程段的恩氏蒸馏温度均逐渐降低;原油蒸馏过程中掺兑油浆,芳香分对馏分油收率的促进作用与表面张力对其的抑制作用同时存在。

Evaluation of Diesel Engine Noise Reduction Measures Based on Hierarchy Diagnosis

Effect of different noise reduction measures for diesel engines was evaluated based on hierarchy diagnosis. The hierarchy diagnosis chart and hierarchy judgment matrix were given. Through evaluation of noise reduction measures, the main strategies of noise reduction were found. The result shows that the noise reduction level of different frequency belts varies from measure to measure. The reduction capacity of different measures could not add simply, which relates to the problem of parameter matching.

The Characteristic Relationship Between Oil Uptake and Moisture Content during the High Temperature Immersion Frying of Thin Potato Crisps

Thin potato crisps (2mm) were fried at 170℃, 180℃ and 190℃ for varioustimes from 10s to 180s inclusive. It was found that definite oil uptake, moisture loss trends existduring the frying process. No significant difference in the oil uptake or moisture loss ratesbetween flat-cut and ridge-cut crisps exists. Also found in this study was that an increased oiltemperature promoted higher moisture loss rates. In turn, the higher moisture loss rates contributedto a higher oil uptake rate. It was found, based on the volumetric plots of oil content υs. watercontent, that the oil uptake rate was proportional to the moisture loss rate. As a result, it hasbeen shown that there is a possibility of having a characteristic curve of oil uptake againstmoisture content.

Definition and Classification of Low-Resistivity Oil Zones

Although the analysis of the microcosmic mechanism for low-resistivity oil zones has received much attention in China, the intrinsic relationship between low-resistivity oil zones and geological background is still under-developed. Based on the geology and logging analysis, we redefine low-resistivity oil zones. According to their genesis, low-resis- tivity oil zones can be distinguished as five different classes: low-resistivity oil zones formed by tectonic settings, by depositional settings, by diagenetic settings, by invaded settings and those which are formed by the compounding geneses respectively. We make the following observations from this study on the definition and classification of low-resistivity oil zones: 1) A low-resistivity oil reservoir has macroscopic and microscopic unity. 2) The genesis of low-resistivity oil zones varies with the type of petroliferous basin. 3) Some low-resistivity oil zones can be forecasted based on the geological study results. 4) The results in this paper suggest that well logging information is generated from two cause mechanisms, the geophysical factors and the geological setting. Future studies on the geological background cause mechanism and the theory of well logging information will enrich the theory of logging geology and improve the ability to forecast oil zones.

Dynamic simulation and efficiency analysis of beam pumping system

An improved whole model of beam pumping system was built. In the detail, for surface transmission system(STS), a new mathematical model was established considering the influence of some factors on the STS's torsional vibration, such as the time variation characteristic of equivalent stiffness of belt and equivalent rotational inertia of crank. For the sucker rod string(SRS), an improved mathematical model was built considering the influence of some parameters on the SRS's longitudinal vibration, such as the nonlinear friction of plunger, hydraulic loss of pump and clearance leakage. The dynamic response and system efficiency of whole system were analyzed. The results show that there is a jumping phenomenon in the amplitude frequency curve, and the system efficiency is sensitive to motor power, pump diameter, stroke number, ratio of gas and oil, and submergence depth. The simulation results have important significance for improving the efficiency of beam pumping system.

Field Experiments of Multi-Channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar for Oil Spill and Chlorophyll-a Detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar(MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser- induced Fluorescence(LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube(MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels(I495/I405) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.

Methods of Testing Seed and Seedling Physiological Traits for the Improvement of Rapeseed Yield Stability

The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It allows one to eliminate the plant materials （initial breeding materials and cultivars） which do not tolerate extreme temperatures and temperature changes during germination, have low water use efficiency and is intolerant to abiotic stressors all right at the seed level. It was confirmed that these genotypes also have poor t^eld emergence and initial root growth implications for further vegetation periods, mainly for over wintering and spring regeneration which has significant influence on the yield. The method also represents the tool for screening genetic resources with the resistance to the abiotic stressors and this technology process is also acceptable for other crops. The results confirm the importance of the seed and root characteristics for crop production. The deteriorating quality of soil in recent years, increasing variability of weather and long periods of drought directly support the need to intensify activities in this research. Obtained results also show the influence of seed quality characteristics on roots and above ground parts of the plant. A relationship exists also vice versa.

Strategy for Controlling the Level in a Dissolved Air Flotation Chamber

The aim of the present study was to implant an efficient strategy for controlling the level of the effluent-oily foam interface in a DAF （dissolved air flotation） chamber of a pilot-scale prototype. DAF has been successfully used in the treatment of oily water, which is one of the main environmental problems in different industrial facilities. Along with important operational parameters, such as microbubble size and flow rate, the control strategy for the automation of a DAF chamber may be an important tool for increasing efficiency. Controlling the level was the strategy chosen to enhance the separation efficiency in a pilot-scale DAF prototype, with monitoring performed using a computational program in LabVIEW （laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench）. The findings demonstrate that it is possible to maintain the level of the fluid at a reference value established by the operator using the software program through the application of classic proportional integral derivative controllers. Using this control tool, the efficiency of water-oil separation in the pilot flotation chamber prototype was increased to nearly 98%.

Estimation of Service Lives and Operating Temperature Ranges of High-Temperature Lubricating Oils Using Thermal Analysis

Development of gas turbine oils that can be used in higher temperature conditions remains the greatest technological challenge. Though the maximum operating temperature of conventional lubricating oils is generally set around 100 ℃, or 140 ℃ for scavenged oils, it is predicted that the future will require oils to function at 200 ℃ or above. To find a clue to developing oils that can be used at higher temperatures, this study attempted to estimate service lives and operating temperature ranges of certain oils, including oils conforming to MIL-PRF-23699, which are deemed promising candidates for high-temperature applications, by analyzing their reaction rates of degradation and degeneration by oxidation. Among a number of methods used in the analyses of reaction rates, this study chose thermo-gravimetry （TG）, with which estimations can be made relatively easily.

Testing of separating catalyst from resid fluid catalytic cracking slurry by 10 mm hydrocyclones

The paper focuses on removing catalyst solids from oil slurry using 10 mm hydrocyclones, and aims to test the feasibility of the solution. An industrial sidetrack tester of residual oil separation by hydrocyclones was set up in 1.8 Mt/a resid fluid catalytic cracking （RFCC） unit, the effect of pressure drop, separation efficiency and inlet flowrate were studied. It was observed that an increase in feed flowrate will decrease the pressure drop ratio, and with an increase in feed flowrate, separation efficiency increases gradually. Under the condition that feed fiowrate was ranging from 250L/h to 270L/h, the separation efficiency was 45.77%-82.80%, the recovery rate of catalyst solid panicles was increased from 10 20% of electrostatic catalyst separator to 50 80%. Thus, it is feasible to separate the slurry by using the miniature hydrocyclones in RFCC unit.

Less than 6 GHz resolution THz spectroscopy of water vapor

The application of terahertz（THz） technique in many fields like petroleum industry requires the high resolution and multifunction to realize the precise detection of different materials. In this study water vapor in atmosphere was scanned with shortand long-path THz spectrometers with different scan ranges. The full width at half maximum of the THz characteristic lines in long-path system reached less than 7 GHz and that in short achieved -5.5 GHz, indicating that the THz spectroscopy of water vapor can be used to calibrate THz devices. THz systems with right scan ranges could be a promising selection for the identification of solid, liquid and gaseous materials with very similar structures due to the high resolution. The research demonstrates that the multifunctional THz test can be realized through the balance of resolution and sampling space in many fields, such as oil-gas industry.

Nutrient Efficiency of Winter Oilseed Rape in an Intensive Cropping System： A Regional Analysis

Fertilization is essential for oilseed rape because it is sensitivity to nutrient deficiency, especially for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). To investigate regional nutrient efficiency and nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape in an intensive cropping system, this study used data from 619 site-year on-farm experiments carried out in the winter oilseed rape planting area of the Yangtze River Basin, China from 2005 to 2010, with large yield in the range of 179–4 470 kg ha^(-1). Currently recommended application rates of N, P and K fertilizers increased rapeseed yield at different levels of soil indigenous nutrient supply(INS) in this region. Boundary values of plant nutrient uptake were established to analyze the nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape(internal nutrient efficiency), i.e., 128 kg N ha^(-1), 24 kg P ha^(-1), and 122 kg K ha^(-1). The internal nutrient efficiency declined by 48.2%–64.1% when nutrient uptake exceeded the boundary value, resulting in excessive nutrient uptake(i.e., low yield response with high nutrient uptake), especially for K. In the intensive cropping system, agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K were 5.9, 3.4, and3.6 kg kg^(-1), and recovery efficiencies of N, P, and K were 35.6%, 24.1%, and 36.8%, respectively. These findings showed that the fertilization rate should be optimized by considering INS, nutrient status, and nutrient efficiency of winter oilseed rape. In this study,considering the lower yield improvement to high K uptake levels and low K fertilizer efficiency, application rate of K fertilizer should be reduced since soil K deficiency has already been mitigated.