利用“量与率对应关系式”巧解分率应用题

在小学分率应用题教学中,教师的“教”与学生的“学”都存在着一定难度,究其原因,首先是教师授课语言受教学内容限制,不能做到生动形象,更无法直观展示,致使学生理解学习内容有障碍;其次是小学生抽象思维还不完善,在分析理解题意时容易出现偏差;最后是其题型多变,包罗万象,有相当多的学生不能够熟练发现其内在联系及规律,造成列式困难,直接导致计算结果不正确。通过利用“量与率对应关系式”辅助解答各类分率应用题,可操作性强,目的性明确,做到了对症下药。

Effects of Slow Release Fertilizer on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Carnation and Its Environmental Protection Effect

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of slow release fertilizer on the yield,economic benefit and nutrient use efficiency of carnation and environmental pollution.[Method] Taking carnation（Dianthus caryophyllus）as research object,the application effect and environmental protection effect of slow release fertilizer on carnation were discussed through field plot test.[Result] The main agronomic characters of carnation improved after the application of slow release fertilizer;compared with Conv-F treatment,the yield of carnation with slow release fertilizer increased by 18.67%-20.83%,and its economic benefit increased by 105 500 yuan/hm2,while the ratio of output to input improved by 74.29%;under the same NPK ratio and nutrient amount,the yield,economic benefit and ratio of output to input of carnation after the application of slow release fertilizer increased by 2.11%,14 800 yuan and 16.2%,respectively;besides,the application of slow release fertilizer improved the nutrient use efficiency of carnation,and N,P and K nutrient use efficiency in Opt-F-0.7% treatment increased by 13.88%,8.57% and 30.14% compared with Conv-F treatment.[Conclusion] Slow release fertilizer could not only reduce the waste of fertilizer resources and improve fertilizer use efficiency but also decrease the pollution caused by nutrient loss,which had important practical significance for protecting ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.

Application of the equivalent offset migration method in acoustic log reflection imaging

Borehole acoustic reflection logging can provide high resolution images of nearborehole geological structure. However, the conventional seismic migration and imaging methods are not effective because the reflected waves are interfered with the dominant borehole-guided modes and there are only eight receiving channels per shot available for stacking. In this paper, we apply an equivalent offset migration method based on wave scattering theory to process the acoustic reflection imaging log data from both numerical modeling and recorded field data. The result shows that, compared with the routine post-stack depth migration method, the equivalent offset migration method results in higher stack fold and is more effective for near-borehole structural imaging with low SNR acoustic reflection log data.

Effects of Gel-based Controlled Release Fertilizers on Agronomic Characteristics and Physiological Indices of Corn

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of gel-based controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） on agronomic characteristics and physiological indices of corn. [Method] Pot experiment was carried out to investigate the agronomic characteristics and physiological indices of corn fertilized with controlled release fertilizers compared with conventional fertilizer （CF）. [Result] Plant height, stem girth, leaf area and root volume of corn were significantly increased under the CRF treatments; photosynthetic rate and soluble protein content were also improved. Dry matter accumulations under the two CRF treatments were increased by 21.3% and 17.0% compared with CF application at one time （CF1）, and 19.6% and 15.4% with CF application at two times （CF2）, respectively. Accumulation amounts of N, P and K in whole plant under the two CRF treatments were increased by 44.0% -24.7% , 40.0%-25.9% and 20.1% -13.9% ; and the nutrient use efficiencies of N, P and K were improved by 22.9% -13.4% , 11.2% -9.6% and 17.5% -12.1% , respectively. [Conclusion] The results implied that the CRFs could significantly improve nutrient use efficiency and plant yield.

“百分率的应用”教学片段及反思

在动态的课堂中，学生是一个个鲜活的个体，他们个性不同，智力水平、身体素质、情趣爱好都有差异。为此，教师应尊重学生的需要，从学生的需要出发，紧抓课堂中的动态生成，让每一个学生都能得到真实有效的发展。

Improving wavelet reconstruction algorithm to achieve comprehensive application of thermal infrared remote sensing data from TM and MODIS

According to the data characteristics of Landsat thematic mapper （TM） and MODIS, a new fu sion algorithm about thermal infrared data has been proposed in the article based on improving wave let reconstruction. Under the domain of neighborhood wavelet reconstruction, data of TM and MO DIS are divided into three layers using wavelet decomposition. The texture information of TM data is retained by fusing highfrequency information. The neighborhood correction coefficient method （NC CM） is set up based on the search neighborhood of a certain size to fuse lowfrequency information. Thermal infrared value of MODIS data is reduced to the space value of TM data by applying NCCM. The data with high spectrum, high spatial and high temporal resolution, are obtained through the al gorithm in the paper. Verification results show that the texture information of TM data and high spec tral information of MODIS data could be preserved well by the fusion algorithm. This article could provide technical support for high precision and fast extraction of the surface environment parame ters.

Causes for the Unimodal Pattern of Leaf Carbon Isotope Composition in Abies faxoniana Trees Growing in a Natural Forest along an Altitudinal Gradient

Leaf morphological and physiological traits of Abies faxoniana growing in a natural forest along an altitudinal gradient were measured with the aim to identify the central mechanism for the marked variation in foliar δ13C determined by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. There is a unimodal pattern of plant functional traits in these temperate and semi- humid areas. Stomatal parameters, specific leaf area, and C/N ratio increased, whereas C, N and δ13C values decreased with increasing altitude below 3000 m a.s.1. In contrast, they exhibited opposite trends above 3000 m a.s.l.. Our results demonstrated that high-altitude plants achieve higher water use efficiency （WUE） at the expense of decreasing nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, whereas plants at 3000 m can maintain a relatively higher NUE but a lower WUE. Such intra-specific differences in the trade-off between NUE and WUE may partially explain the altitudinal distribution of the plants in relation to moisture and nutrient availability. Our results clearly indicate that the functional relations between nutritional status and the structure of leaves are responsible for the altitudinal variations associated with δ13C. The pivotal role of specific leaf area in regulating plant adaptive responses provides a potential physiological mechanism for the observed growth advantage of populations occupying the medium altitude. These adaptive responses altitudinal gradients showed that an altitude to of approximately 3000 m a.s.1, is the optimum distribution zone for A. faxoniana, allowing the most vigorous growth and metabolism. These results improve our understanding of the various roles of environmental and biotic variables upon δ13C dynamics and provide useful information for subalpine coniferous forest management.

High Resolution Land Cover Datasets Integration and Application Based on Landsat and GlobCover Data from 1975 to 2010 in Siberia

Land cover is recognized as one of the fundamental terrestrial datasets required in land system change and other ecosystem related researches across the globe. The regional differentiation and spatial-temporal variation of land cover has significant impact on regional natural environment and socio-economic sustainable development. Under this context, we reconstructed the history land cover data in Siberia to provide a comparable datasets to the land cover datasets in China and abroad. In this paper, the European Space Agency(ESA) Global Land Cover Map(GlobCover), Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM), Multispectral Scanner(MSS) images, Google Earth images and other additional data were used to produce the land cover datasets in 1975 and 2010 in Siberia. Data evaluation show that the total user′s accuracy of land cover data in 2010 was 86.96%, which was higher than ESA GlobCover data in Siberia. The analysis on the land cover changes found that there were no big land cover changes in Siberia from 1975 to 2010 with only a few conversions between different natural forest types. The mainly changes are the conversion from deciduous needleleaf forest to deciduous broadleaf forest, deciduous needleleaf forest to mixed forest, savannas to deciduous needleleaf forest etc., indicating that the dominant driving factor of land cover changes in Siberia was natural element rather than human activities at some extent, which was very different from China. However, our purpose was not just to produce the land cover datasets at two time period or explore the driving factors of land cover changes in Siberia, we also paid attention on the significance and application of the datasets in various fields such as global climate change, geopolitics, cross-border cooperation and so on.

Satellite derived upper ocean thermal structure and its application to tropical cyclone intensity forecasting in the Indian Ocean

Upper ocean heat content is a factor critical to the intensity change of tropical cyclones(TCs). Because of the inhomogeneity of in situ observations in the North Indian Ocean,gridded temperature/salinity(T/S) profiles were derived from satellite data for 1993–2012 using a linear regression method. The satellite derived T/S dataset covered the region of 10°S–32°N,25°–100°E with daily temporal resolution,0.25°×0.25° spatial resolution,and 26 vertical layers from the sea surface to a depth of 1 000 m at standard layers. Independent Global Temperature Salinity Profile Project data were used to validate the satellite derived T/S fields. The analysis confirmed that the satellite derived temperature field represented the characteristics and vertical structure of the temperature field well. The results demonstrated that the vertically averaged root mean square error of the temperature was 0.83 in the upper 1 000 m and the corresponding correlation coefficient was 0.87,which accounted for 76% of the observed variance. After verification of the satellite derived T/S dataset,the TC heat potential(TCHP) was verified. The results show that the satellite derived values were coherent with observed TCHP data with a correlation coefficient of 0.86 and statistical significance at the 99% confidence level. The intensity change of TC Gonu during a period of rapid intensification was studied using satellite derived TCHP data. A delayed effect of the TCHP was found in relation to the intensity change of Gonu,suggesting a lag feature in the response of the inner core of the TC to the ocean.

Application of the DEM to screening process:a 3D simulation

The discrete element method(DEM) has been widely used to simulate microscopic interactions between particles.Screening is a deeply complicated process when considering the law of motion for the particles,themselves.In this paper,a numerical model for the study of a particle screening process using the DEM is presented.Special attention was paid to the modeling of a vibrating screen that allows particles to pass through,or to rebound,when approaching the screen surface.Inferences concerning screen length and vibrating frequency as they relate to screening efficiency were studied.The conclusions were:three-dimensional simulation of screening efficiency along the screen length follows an exponential distribution;when the sieve vibrates over a certain frequency range the screening efficiency is stable;and,higher vibration frequencies can improve the handling capacity of the screening machine.

Strategy for Controlling the Level in a Dissolved Air Flotation Chamber

The aim of the present study was to implant an efficient strategy for controlling the level of the effluent-oily foam interface in a DAF （dissolved air flotation） chamber of a pilot-scale prototype. DAF has been successfully used in the treatment of oily water, which is one of the main environmental problems in different industrial facilities. Along with important operational parameters, such as microbubble size and flow rate, the control strategy for the automation of a DAF chamber may be an important tool for increasing efficiency. Controlling the level was the strategy chosen to enhance the separation efficiency in a pilot-scale DAF prototype, with monitoring performed using a computational program in LabVIEW （laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench）. The findings demonstrate that it is possible to maintain the level of the fluid at a reference value established by the operator using the software program through the application of classic proportional integral derivative controllers. Using this control tool, the efficiency of water-oil separation in the pilot flotation chamber prototype was increased to nearly 98%.

Research and Application of Probability Distribution of Wind Power Fluctuation Characteristics

The fluctuation characteristics is the inherent property of wind power.Through analysis of a large number of wind t＇anns based on measured data,we find it describes the best probability distribution of wind power fluctuation for the mixed Gauss distribution of two components,and try to carry out the physical interpretation of two components.Further discussion is between the probability distribution of fluctuating wind power time difference and whole relationship.It is found that the two have basic similarity.Through comparing the different time level data quantified losses the information of wind power fluctuation,quantitative determination of the degree of impact prediction.We can summarize and understand of wind power fluctuation,constructing instance from the wind farm construction and monitoring prediction two aspect recommendations to overcome the adverse effects of wind power fluctuations on the power grid operation.

Particle swarm optimization and its application to seismic inversion of igneous rocks

In order to improve the fine structure inversion ability of igneous rocks for the exploration of underlying strata, based on particle swarm optimization(PSO), we have developed a method for seismic wave impedance inversion. Through numerical simulation, we tested the effects of different algorithm parameters and different model parameterization methods on PSO wave impedance inversion, and analyzed the characteristics of PSO method. Under the conclusions drawn from numerical simulation, we propose the scheme of combining a cross-moving strategy based on a divided block model and high-frequency filtering technology for PSO inversion. By analyzing the inversion results of a wedge model of a pitchout coal seam and a coal coking model with igneous rock intrusion, we discuss the vertical and horizontal resolution, stability and reliability of PSO inversion. Based on the actual seismic and logging data from an igneous area, by taking a seismic profile through wells as an example, we discuss the characteristics of three inversion methods, including model-based wave impedance inversion, multi-attribute seismic inversion based on probabilistic neural network(PNN) and wave impedance inversion based on PSO.And we draw the conclusion that the inversion based on PSO method has a better result for this igneous area.

Statistical Analysis of the Relation Between Inflation and Unemployment in Democratic States Using Spearman＇s Correlation Coefficient With Application in Albania

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relation between inflation rate and unemployment rate in contemporary democratic states, using Spearman＇s correlation coefficient. We apply this method in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014. Some results of the study include： （1） The Central Limit Theorem （CLT） is not applicable for the quarterly inflation rate as well as for quarterly unemployment rate in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 at the confidence level of 99.99%. The official data for inflation and unemployment contradict the CLT at a very high confidence level of 99.99%; （2） The inflation process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.2%; （3） The unemployment process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.99%; （4） The inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are statistically dependent at the 96% confidence level; （5） Spearman＇s correlation coefficient = 0.387 indicates a weak positive correlation between inflation and unemployment in Albania during the specified period; and （6） The official data for inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are consistent with Friedman＇s hypothesis.

SuperView-1- China＇s First Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation with a High Resolution of 0.5 m

SuperView-I satellite constellation （SuperView-I for short） is the first commercial remote sensing constellation with a resolution down to 0.5 m. It＇s an important part of the national spatial information infrastructure construction. It will play an important role for the global users providing remote sensing data, application solutions and remote sensing value-added services with its highresolution and 24-hour observation capability. At present, 4 satellites of the constellation have been successfully launched and networked on orbit. The services cover surveying and mapping, land resource surveying, urban planning, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geological mining, environmental monitoring, defense, disaster reduction along with other traditional industries. There are also great potential applications in Mobile Intemet, LBS, Smart city, insurance and other emerging professions. The successful operation of SuperView-I breaks the overseas monopoly for commercial high-resolution remote sensing satellite imagery in the China market. It＇s one of the major achievements in China space science and technology by actively exploring the development of commercial remote sensing markets, which is of strategic significance to the development of China remote sensing satellite business.

Effect of new specific fertilizer on the growth of peanut

Based on the soil nutrient condition of Fujian province and the nutritional characteristic of peanut, new specific peanut fertilizer was made with some new types of synergists and chemical fertilizers. In 2005, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the new specific fertilizer on peanut at Gaobi town, Longyan city, Fujian province. The results showed that, the new specific fertilizer could relieve the inhibition of fertilizers on nodule formation of peanut, promote the growth of peanut plants, increase the yield of peanut and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, contrasted to common fertilizers. To compare with one time application of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied one time and twice had significant positive influences on yield of peanut and nutrient use efficiency, increased economic yield of peanut by 3.8% and 6.3%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 3.9, 2.8, 4.3 and 4.5, 5.7, 7.4 percentage points respectively. Compared with twice applications of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied as the method above increased economic yield of peanut by 0.7% and 3.2%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 0.3, 1.6, 0.5 and 0.9 4.5, 3.6 percentage points respectively.

Estimation of Service Lives and Operating Temperature Ranges of High-Temperature Lubricating Oils Using Thermal Analysis

Development of gas turbine oils that can be used in higher temperature conditions remains the greatest technological challenge. Though the maximum operating temperature of conventional lubricating oils is generally set around 100 ℃, or 140 ℃ for scavenged oils, it is predicted that the future will require oils to function at 200 ℃ or above. To find a clue to developing oils that can be used at higher temperatures, this study attempted to estimate service lives and operating temperature ranges of certain oils, including oils conforming to MIL-PRF-23699, which are deemed promising candidates for high-temperature applications, by analyzing their reaction rates of degradation and degeneration by oxidation. Among a number of methods used in the analyses of reaction rates, this study chose thermo-gravimetry （TG）, with which estimations can be made relatively easily.

Research on the Applications of Probability Model and Matrix Transformation in Data Analysis and Management under the Environment of Information Time

In this paper, we research the probability theory and matrix transformation based technique to manage the data for processing and analysis. Clustering analysis research has a long history, over the decades, the importance and the cross characteristics with other research direction to get the affirmation of the people. The probability theory and linear algebra act as the powerful tool for analyzing and mining data. The experimental result illustrates the effectiveness. In the near future, we plan to conduct more theoretical analysis on the topic.

Wavelet Characterization of the Flow Regime in a Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed

Processes like combustion, pyrolysis or gasification of coal and biomass are typical applications of gas-solid fluidized beds. These reactors normally use silica sand as the inert material inside the bed and the sand particles represent around 95% of the total bed weight. Pressure measurements have been used to characterize the dynamic behavior of fluidized beds since early researches in the area. Pressure fluctuations are generally due to bubbles flow which characterizes the fluidization regime. The present work aims to perform a time-frequency analysis of the pressure signal acquired in an experimental apparatus on different gas-solid flow regimes. Continuous and discrete wavelet transforms were applied and the results were compared with image records acquired simultaneously with the pressure signal. The main frequencies observed are in accordance with the ones obtained through Fourier spectra. The time-frequency distribution of the signal agrees with the phenomena observed in the image record, remarkably for the slugging flow. Some additional research is still necessary to completely characterize the flow regimes using the wavelet scalograms but the present results show that the task is a very promising one.