Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while Chin...Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995...The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995 till 2009. Applying dynamic modeling, i.e, generalized method of moments （GMM） econometrics findings have driven us to system estimated model where the following institutional variables have been tested： maternity leave, child care facilities, college education, fertility rate, GDP growth, female unemployment rate and part-time employment. We expect these variables to have a positive impact on the female employment rate except for the female unemployment rate and maternity leave展开更多
The time has come for the constitution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations （ASEAN） economic community and many facts have been analyzed regarding this topic. This paper presents the results of the statisti...The time has come for the constitution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations （ASEAN） economic community and many facts have been analyzed regarding this topic. This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis applied to several economic parameters which firstly show how their integration pattern adjusts with a considerable good fitting to the optimum currency area model and to its extended version by Behrens; and secondly how the 10 members of this group are moving at relatively same speed in spite of their differences, that are also inferred for ranging.展开更多
Chinese products are major targets of the European Union （ EU）＇s anti-dumping measures. By making an empirical analysis using official data published by the Statistical Office of the European Commission （ Eurostat...Chinese products are major targets of the European Union （ EU）＇s anti-dumping measures. By making an empirical analysis using official data published by the Statistical Office of the European Commission （ Eurostat）, the authors conclude the EU＇s anti-dumping actions may not necessarity be helpful, Instead, the actions impose a high cost on EU consummers and make EU enterprises＇ costs rise.Eventually, Chinese enterprises will suffer a heavy toll and EU enterprises will also suffer from weakened competiveness.展开更多
Coalition game theory is introduced to investigate the performance,fairness and stability of decorrelating group multiuser detection receiver,not only from the perspective of individual nodes,but also various coalitio...Coalition game theory is introduced to investigate the performance,fairness and stability of decorrelating group multiuser detection receiver,not only from the perspective of individual nodes,but also various coalitions and the whole system as well. Firstly,to derive how the system scale with coalition size,a stochastic model with transferable payoffs (stochastic TU-model) is provided. Secondly,to find the most preferred coalition structures from the view point of individual nodes,a model with Non-Transferable payoffs (NTU-model) is presented. Theoretical analysis and simulation results suggest that stochasticaly the grand coalition is payoff maximizing for the system as a whole,while individual nodes with good-conditioned channels may prefer local "win-win coalitions".展开更多
With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not...With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not only in the strategic choice of the existence of a potential to create value, but also the existence of synergy. Competition and cooperation between the two conflicting complex logic relations coexist in the competitive strategic alliances （CSA）. Therefore maintaining the relative stability of alliance is the premise and necessary condition of alliance to success. In this paper, on the basis of the literature review, we discuss the significance and principles of improving CSA＇s stability; in the way of case analysis and expert interviews construct the hierarchy analysis model of improving CSA＇s stability; and then further put forward a series of measures which can maintain the CSA＇s stability, such as strengthen the ability of technological innovation, protection and development of the core ability of the enterprise, to develop a coherent strategy alliance target, choose a suitable alliance partner, coordinate the corporate culture between partners, establish alliance risk prevention mechanism, and so on. It will provide theoretical support and practical guidance to relevant departments and relevant personnel in policy decision-making and problem-solving展开更多
Social convergence is one of the most important objectives for European integration. It is understood as a process of cohesion and assimilation of countries in the area of social development, which is the conditions a...Social convergence is one of the most important objectives for European integration. It is understood as a process of cohesion and assimilation of countries in the area of social development, which is the conditions and standards of living of the citizens of the European countries （EU27）. The aim of the article was to investigate whether there is convergence or divergence in the EU27 area, taking into account multidimensional analysis of social convergence. Methodology used in the article was taxonomic and statistical tool. It allowed applying the synthetic approach to the issue. The time taken into consideration was the period of 2000-2013. The article showed that the area of the EU27 is very diversified in terms of social development. It allows indicating five groups of countries similar to each other due to the level of social development, although the differences among the groups are significant. The analysis of convergence led to the conclusion that the process of ＂catching up＂ occurred until 2007. Then this process has stopped and even divergence trends are visible due to crisis 2008/2009. The period of 2008-2011 revealed the greatest disparities of development among the EU countries.展开更多
On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of su...On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of sulfur in feedstock and volume fraction of olefin in naphtha was developed and the model＇s parameters were estimated. The residual error distribution and statistical study showed that the developed model was reasonable and reliable and able to predict the mass fraction of sulfur compounds in naphtha. The correlation model can provide theoretical guidance and operation base for adjusting process parameters to produce EURO IV gasoline by the MIP units. The model was validated by its application on the MIP unit of Qingdao Refining ＆ Chemical Company. On this unit, the tail oil with low sulfur content obtained via hydrotreating gas oil was used as the feedstock and the olefin content of naphtha was reduced by promoting hydrogen transfer reaction through adjustment of process parameters. Thus, EURO IV clean gasoline was manufactured by this MIP unit.展开更多
In recent years,with the soaring development of its national strength,China has made the world hear its voice and gained strength in negotiations.However,China is still confronting huge pressure placed by the dominant...In recent years,with the soaring development of its national strength,China has made the world hear its voice and gained strength in negotiations.However,China is still confronting huge pressure placed by the dominant western countries.During the Durban Conference,three main groups,namely the EU(Europe Union),the Umbrella Group,and the Group of 77 and China,played important roles,among which China is outstanding but is bearing a huge corresponding pressure on carbon emission reduction.China must continue to reinforce the coordination among those emerging developing countries and strive for the status and negotiation rights it deserves.Since energy conservation and emissions reduction is a key component of China's strategy for sustainable development,China should consider the low-carbon economy as an opportunity for development,strongly promote the development of clean energy technology and occupy the international strategic highland of the world economy.展开更多
In general, investigations carried out to date regarding/measuring systems/systems of measurement of sustainable development present two peculiarities： Either they are of a limited practical nature or they do not all...In general, investigations carried out to date regarding/measuring systems/systems of measurement of sustainable development present two peculiarities： Either they are of a limited practical nature or they do not allow for comparisons between different areas or economies. Global synthetic indicators are an exception to the above; however they have been scarcely developed. This article designs an index of said characteristics, which is subsequently applied to all the countries within the European Union and to the region of Galicia.展开更多
The notions of human rights and World Community are inseparably related. It is on the basis of mutual trust that we can construct World Community, so it is quite natural that the respect of human rights is the basic c...The notions of human rights and World Community are inseparably related. It is on the basis of mutual trust that we can construct World Community, so it is quite natural that the respect of human rights is the basic condition of the participant countries. The World Community is aiming at making a peaceful global village where the lives of people are mutually encouraged and the diverse merits of different civilizations are shared together. True human welfare should imply in its concept harmony between all existences. In the history of the world, we can see the irresistible current moving towards the realization of human rights and World Community. Even if we accept this affirmative development of history in the long run, we should be always alert to the dangers and traps on the road. There have been many cases of frustration and reversion by strong counteractions or self-deceptions. In the actual situation of its age, humanity has been always at the crossroads. It is the duty of philosophy and history to shed light on the situation and present a direction.展开更多
Coalition formation is an important coordination problem in multi-agent systems, and a proper description of collaborative abilities for agents is the basic and key precondition in handling this problem. In this paper...Coalition formation is an important coordination problem in multi-agent systems, and a proper description of collaborative abilities for agents is the basic and key precondition in handling this problem. In this paper, a model of task-oriented collaborative abilities is established, where five task-oriented abilities are extracted to form a collaborative ability vector. A task demand vector is also described. In addition, a method of coalition formation with stochastic mechanism is proposed to reduce excessive competitions. An artificial intelligent algorithm is proposed to compensate for the difference between the expected and actual task requirements, which could improve the cognitive capabilities of agents for human commands. Simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed model and the distributed artificial intelligent algorithm.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB428401)the Special Fund for Climate Change of the CMA(CCSF-09-16)
文摘Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.
文摘The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995 till 2009. Applying dynamic modeling, i.e, generalized method of moments （GMM） econometrics findings have driven us to system estimated model where the following institutional variables have been tested： maternity leave, child care facilities, college education, fertility rate, GDP growth, female unemployment rate and part-time employment. We expect these variables to have a positive impact on the female employment rate except for the female unemployment rate and maternity leave
文摘The time has come for the constitution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations （ASEAN） economic community and many facts have been analyzed regarding this topic. This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis applied to several economic parameters which firstly show how their integration pattern adjusts with a considerable good fitting to the optimum currency area model and to its extended version by Behrens; and secondly how the 10 members of this group are moving at relatively same speed in spite of their differences, that are also inferred for ranging.
文摘Chinese products are major targets of the European Union （ EU）＇s anti-dumping measures. By making an empirical analysis using official data published by the Statistical Office of the European Commission （ Eurostat）, the authors conclude the EU＇s anti-dumping actions may not necessarity be helpful, Instead, the actions impose a high cost on EU consummers and make EU enterprises＇ costs rise.Eventually, Chinese enterprises will suffer a heavy toll and EU enterprises will also suffer from weakened competiveness.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60772062)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2009AA012241)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Y1080935)
文摘Coalition game theory is introduced to investigate the performance,fairness and stability of decorrelating group multiuser detection receiver,not only from the perspective of individual nodes,but also various coalitions and the whole system as well. Firstly,to derive how the system scale with coalition size,a stochastic model with transferable payoffs (stochastic TU-model) is provided. Secondly,to find the most preferred coalition structures from the view point of individual nodes,a model with Non-Transferable payoffs (NTU-model) is presented. Theoretical analysis and simulation results suggest that stochasticaly the grand coalition is payoff maximizing for the system as a whole,while individual nodes with good-conditioned channels may prefer local "win-win coalitions".
文摘With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not only in the strategic choice of the existence of a potential to create value, but also the existence of synergy. Competition and cooperation between the two conflicting complex logic relations coexist in the competitive strategic alliances （CSA）. Therefore maintaining the relative stability of alliance is the premise and necessary condition of alliance to success. In this paper, on the basis of the literature review, we discuss the significance and principles of improving CSA＇s stability; in the way of case analysis and expert interviews construct the hierarchy analysis model of improving CSA＇s stability; and then further put forward a series of measures which can maintain the CSA＇s stability, such as strengthen the ability of technological innovation, protection and development of the core ability of the enterprise, to develop a coherent strategy alliance target, choose a suitable alliance partner, coordinate the corporate culture between partners, establish alliance risk prevention mechanism, and so on. It will provide theoretical support and practical guidance to relevant departments and relevant personnel in policy decision-making and problem-solving
文摘Social convergence is one of the most important objectives for European integration. It is understood as a process of cohesion and assimilation of countries in the area of social development, which is the conditions and standards of living of the citizens of the European countries （EU27）. The aim of the article was to investigate whether there is convergence or divergence in the EU27 area, taking into account multidimensional analysis of social convergence. Methodology used in the article was taxonomic and statistical tool. It allowed applying the synthetic approach to the issue. The time taken into consideration was the period of 2000-2013. The article showed that the area of the EU27 is very diversified in terms of social development. It allows indicating five groups of countries similar to each other due to the level of social development, although the differences among the groups are significant. The analysis of convergence led to the conclusion that the process of ＂catching up＂ occurred until 2007. Then this process has stopped and even divergence trends are visible due to crisis 2008/2009. The period of 2008-2011 revealed the greatest disparities of development among the EU countries.
文摘On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of sulfur in feedstock and volume fraction of olefin in naphtha was developed and the model＇s parameters were estimated. The residual error distribution and statistical study showed that the developed model was reasonable and reliable and able to predict the mass fraction of sulfur compounds in naphtha. The correlation model can provide theoretical guidance and operation base for adjusting process parameters to produce EURO IV gasoline by the MIP units. The model was validated by its application on the MIP unit of Qingdao Refining ＆ Chemical Company. On this unit, the tail oil with low sulfur content obtained via hydrotreating gas oil was used as the feedstock and the olefin content of naphtha was reduced by promoting hydrogen transfer reaction through adjustment of process parameters. Thus, EURO IV clean gasoline was manufactured by this MIP unit.
文摘In recent years,with the soaring development of its national strength,China has made the world hear its voice and gained strength in negotiations.However,China is still confronting huge pressure placed by the dominant western countries.During the Durban Conference,three main groups,namely the EU(Europe Union),the Umbrella Group,and the Group of 77 and China,played important roles,among which China is outstanding but is bearing a huge corresponding pressure on carbon emission reduction.China must continue to reinforce the coordination among those emerging developing countries and strive for the status and negotiation rights it deserves.Since energy conservation and emissions reduction is a key component of China's strategy for sustainable development,China should consider the low-carbon economy as an opportunity for development,strongly promote the development of clean energy technology and occupy the international strategic highland of the world economy.
文摘In general, investigations carried out to date regarding/measuring systems/systems of measurement of sustainable development present two peculiarities： Either they are of a limited practical nature or they do not allow for comparisons between different areas or economies. Global synthetic indicators are an exception to the above; however they have been scarcely developed. This article designs an index of said characteristics, which is subsequently applied to all the countries within the European Union and to the region of Galicia.
文摘The notions of human rights and World Community are inseparably related. It is on the basis of mutual trust that we can construct World Community, so it is quite natural that the respect of human rights is the basic condition of the participant countries. The World Community is aiming at making a peaceful global village where the lives of people are mutually encouraged and the diverse merits of different civilizations are shared together. True human welfare should imply in its concept harmony between all existences. In the history of the world, we can see the irresistible current moving towards the realization of human rights and World Community. Even if we accept this affirmative development of history in the long run, we should be always alert to the dangers and traps on the road. There have been many cases of frustration and reversion by strong counteractions or self-deceptions. In the actual situation of its age, humanity has been always at the crossroads. It is the duty of philosophy and history to shed light on the situation and present a direction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61573062,61120106010,and 61321002)the Beijing Outstanding Ph.D. Program Mentor(No.20131000704)the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems(Beijing Institute of Technology)
文摘Coalition formation is an important coordination problem in multi-agent systems, and a proper description of collaborative abilities for agents is the basic and key precondition in handling this problem. In this paper, a model of task-oriented collaborative abilities is established, where five task-oriented abilities are extracted to form a collaborative ability vector. A task demand vector is also described. In addition, a method of coalition formation with stochastic mechanism is proposed to reduce excessive competitions. An artificial intelligent algorithm is proposed to compensate for the difference between the expected and actual task requirements, which could improve the cognitive capabilities of agents for human commands. Simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed model and the distributed artificial intelligent algorithm.
