[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inspection methods and quality grading standards for Codonopsis pilosula seeds. [Method] A total of 27 shares of C. pilosula seeds were collected and surveyed from six c...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inspection methods and quality grading standards for Codonopsis pilosula seeds. [Method] A total of 27 shares of C. pilosula seeds were collected and surveyed from six counties in Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. The inspection methods of various indicators, such as purity, 1 000-grain weight, germination rate, vitality and moisture content, were investigated in accordance with Rules for Agricultural Seed Testing （GB/T 3543.1-7, 1995）, to develop the appropriate quality inspection method for C. pilosula seeds. Based on the developed inspection method and procedures, the quality of 27 shares of C. pilosula seed samples from different regions was inspected, thus es- tablishing quality grading standards for C. pilosula seeds with K-center clustering method. [Result] C. pilosula seeds are suitable to be cultivated in cool regions. The optimal germination temperature was 25 ~C; the optimal germination bed was gauze bed; the optimal staining conditions were： staining temperature 40 ~, TTC concen- tration 0.5%, staining time 4 h. On the basis of cluster analysis, the quality of C. pilosula seeds could be divided into three grades according to five indicators, includ- ing the purity, 1 000-grain weight, moisture content, vitality, and germination rate. Specifically, vitality and germination rate were important factors of grading standards due to the significant differences, followed by purity, 1 000-grain weight and mois- ture content. [Conclusion] This study provided an important basis for standardized cultivation and industrial development of C. pilosula.展开更多
The fragmentation behavior of isoflavones was studied using electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry （ESI-IT-TOF-MSn）. It was found that the isoflavone glycoside bond was easily broken. The ...The fragmentation behavior of isoflavones was studied using electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry （ESI-IT-TOF-MSn）. It was found that the isoflavone glycoside bond was easily broken. The fragmentation occurred mostly on the C-ring, and the fragment ions of A^1,3＋ produced by the RDA cracking will predict the hydroxylation replacement on A-ring or B-ring. In addition, four carbonyl groups on the C-ring were fragmented through neutral loss of 28 （-CO）. A and B-rings primarily lose substituents which including a neutral losses of 32 （-CH3OH）, 16 （-CH4）, or 16 （-O）, and 18 （-H2O）. A-ring in the presence of adjacent hydroxylation, also easily made to be a neutral losses of 28 （-CO） or 18 （-H20）. It is likewise common to see methoxy replaced with a neutral losses of 16 （-CH4） or 32 （-CHaOH） in B-ring, also the hydroxylation on benzene ring can occasionally results with the neutral loss of 28 （-CO）.展开更多
Based on the internal temperature variation of a dam lagging behind the ambient temperature variation,the ambient temperature of continuous variation is disctetized,and the functional expression of the thermal displac...Based on the internal temperature variation of a dam lagging behind the ambient temperature variation,the ambient temperature of continuous variation is disctetized,and the functional expression of the thermal displacement component of the dam caused by single instantaneous temperature variation is obtained.Considering the temporal and spatial distribution law of the ambient temperature and its relation with air and water temperature,the function is expanded into a Taylor series.As a result,the improved thermal displacement component expression for a dam monitoring model is obtained.展开更多
基金Supported by"Twelfth Five Year"National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2011BA107B01)Key Scientific and Technological Project of Shanxi Province(20120313015-9)Scientific and Technological Project of Changzhi City(20118033-1)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inspection methods and quality grading standards for Codonopsis pilosula seeds. [Method] A total of 27 shares of C. pilosula seeds were collected and surveyed from six counties in Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. The inspection methods of various indicators, such as purity, 1 000-grain weight, germination rate, vitality and moisture content, were investigated in accordance with Rules for Agricultural Seed Testing （GB/T 3543.1-7, 1995）, to develop the appropriate quality inspection method for C. pilosula seeds. Based on the developed inspection method and procedures, the quality of 27 shares of C. pilosula seed samples from different regions was inspected, thus es- tablishing quality grading standards for C. pilosula seeds with K-center clustering method. [Result] C. pilosula seeds are suitable to be cultivated in cool regions. The optimal germination temperature was 25 ~C; the optimal germination bed was gauze bed; the optimal staining conditions were： staining temperature 40 ~, TTC concen- tration 0.5%, staining time 4 h. On the basis of cluster analysis, the quality of C. pilosula seeds could be divided into three grades according to five indicators, includ- ing the purity, 1 000-grain weight, moisture content, vitality, and germination rate. Specifically, vitality and germination rate were important factors of grading standards due to the significant differences, followed by purity, 1 000-grain weight and mois- ture content. [Conclusion] This study provided an important basis for standardized cultivation and industrial development of C. pilosula.
基金Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Foundation(Grant No.FRG2/12-13/058)the Key Program of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2013-GXNSFBA019187)
文摘The fragmentation behavior of isoflavones was studied using electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry （ESI-IT-TOF-MSn）. It was found that the isoflavone glycoside bond was easily broken. The fragmentation occurred mostly on the C-ring, and the fragment ions of A^1,3＋ produced by the RDA cracking will predict the hydroxylation replacement on A-ring or B-ring. In addition, four carbonyl groups on the C-ring were fragmented through neutral loss of 28 （-CO）. A and B-rings primarily lose substituents which including a neutral losses of 32 （-CH3OH）, 16 （-CH4）, or 16 （-O）, and 18 （-H2O）. A-ring in the presence of adjacent hydroxylation, also easily made to be a neutral losses of 28 （-CO） or 18 （-H20）. It is likewise common to see methoxy replaced with a neutral losses of 16 （-CH4） or 32 （-CHaOH） in B-ring, also the hydroxylation on benzene ring can occasionally results with the neutral loss of 28 （-CO）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51079046,50909041,51139001)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cyclein River Basin (Grant No. IWHR-SKL-201108)+4 种基金the Special Fund of State Key Laboratory of China (Grant Nos. 2009586012,2009586912,201058-5212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos. 2009B08514,2010B20414,2010B01414,2010B14114)Jiangsu Province "333 High-Level Personnel Training Project" (Grant No.2017-B08037)Graduate Innovation Program of Universities in Jiangsu Province (Grant No. CX09B_163Z)the Science Foundation for the Excellent Youth Scholars of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.20070294023)
文摘Based on the internal temperature variation of a dam lagging behind the ambient temperature variation,the ambient temperature of continuous variation is disctetized,and the functional expression of the thermal displacement component of the dam caused by single instantaneous temperature variation is obtained.Considering the temporal and spatial distribution law of the ambient temperature and its relation with air and water temperature,the function is expanded into a Taylor series.As a result,the improved thermal displacement component expression for a dam monitoring model is obtained.
