土壤中溶解性有机质分组组分的结构特征研究

以Leenheer的分组方法为基础 ,用XAD 8树脂将黄泥土中水溶性有机质 (DOM)按极性和电荷特性分为结构较为均一的不同组分 ,并采用元素分析、1 H NMR以及CP/MAS1 3 C NMR研究各组分的性质。初步认为 :三种不同利用方式下 (桑园、水田、水杉 )黄泥土中的DOM组成中疏水碱性组分 (HOB)含量很少 ,疏水中性组分 (HON)相对含量为 7%～ 1 5 %,亲水性组分 (HIM)是土壤DOM中最大组成部分 ,约占 35 %。元素分析、1 H NMR以及1 3 C NMR分析结果表明 :DOM各组分结构特征差异显著。HON以含有大量的长链烷烃为主要结构特征 ,并含有较多氨基酸、多肽类物质 ;疏水酸性组分 (HOA)的结构特征相似于土壤FA ,含有大量羧基 ,但与FA相比芳香族物质减少 ,碳水化合物增多 ;酸不溶组分 (AIM)以多酚类、腐殖质结合的碳水化合物为主要组成物质 ;HIM中则含有大量碳水化合物。

土壤活性有机质组分的分类方法及其研究进展

土壤活性有机质对农田管理措施和气候变化的响应敏感且快速,是表征土壤质量变化的重要指标,成为土壤生态学及环境土壤学交叉领域的研究热点。本文系统归纳了土壤活性有机质的物理组分(轻组有机质、颗粒有机质、大团聚体有机质、酸碱提取有机质和溶解有机质),化学组分(酸水解有机质和易氧化有机质),生物学组分(微生物生物量碳和氮、潜在可矿化碳和氮)和联合分组组分(游离态团聚体有机质、物理保护有机质和游离活性有机质)的分类方法,分析了不同组分的来源、典型数量(占土壤总有机质的比例)、性质和意义,评述了相关组分的研究进程、作用和影响因素,探讨了土壤活性有机质分组方法的整合应用及其研究进展,提出了补充和验证土壤活性有机质数量测定的不确定性和难比较性的可能技术途径,以期为科学解析土壤活性有机质在土壤质量变化研究中的作用提供理论依据和技术参考。

Effects of Nitrogen Fertigation Rate on Protein Components in Grains and Processing Quality of Different Wheat Varieties

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of nitrogen fertigation rate on the protein components in grains and processing quality of different wheat varieties. [Method] Under the condition of higher soil fertility, different amounts of N-fertilizer were applied in the plots, and then the contents of total protein and its components, percentage of the component content to total protein content as well as the processing quality of grains of two strong-gluten wheat varieties （Linyou145 and Zhengmai9023） and two weak-gluten wheat varieties （Ningmai9 and Baofeng949） were determined. [Result] The contents of total protein and globulin, gliadin and glutenin were improved significantly with the increase of the N-fertilizer amount; but the content of albumin did not show remarkable increase; in addition, the percentage of each protein component was relative stable and did not increase significantly. Increase in the amount of N-fertilizer improved the sedimentation value, wet gluten content, loaf volume and loaf score, decreased the volume weight of grain. [Conclusion] This study provideed theoretical support for high-quality wheat production.

The use of ＂really＂ in Chinese tertiary-level EFL learners＇ speech： A corpus-based study

The present research reports a comparative study on the use of ＂really＂ by Chinese EFL learners. Taking the perspectives colligation and collocation, the study mainly yields the following findings： （1） Compared with American native speakers, Chinese EFL learners have different preferences for colligations and collocations of ＂really＂; （2） High achievers and low achievers demonstrate a similar pattern of the ranking order of the colligations, but high achievers are closer to the native speakers in the use of ＂really＂ in terms of collocation; low achievers rely more heavily on ＂very＂ to collocate with adjectives than high achievers.

Caking property and active components of coal based on group component separation

The content and the caking index of the heavy,the dense medium and the loose medium components of coal,obtained by extraction and stripping with CS_2/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent(1:1 by volume),were studied and correlated with the caking property of raw coals.Images of the three group components after heat treatment were analyzed.The results show that both caking index(G) and maximum thickness of plastic layer(Y) of coals have a good linear relationship with the content of the medium component;the dense medium and the loose medium components are the two key factors to determine the caking property of raw coals-they are the source materials of fluidity and swelling of coal,respectively;the heavy component without the swelling and fluidity was cohered by the other components;two new indexes,which can extend current understanding of the caking properties,were introduced.

Invariants of Multi-Component Ermakov Systems

It is shown that certain multi-component Ermakov systems admit Lewis-Ray-Reid invariants.This extendsthe result to the two-component Ermakov system.

Contributions of qqqq Components to Axial Charges of Proton and N(1440)

The axial charges of the proton and N（1440） are studied in the framework of an extended constituent quark model （CQM） including qqqqq components. The cancellation between the contributions of qqq components and qqqqq components gives a natural explanation to the experimental value of the proton axial charge, which can not be well reproduced in the traditional CQM even after the SU（6） × O（3） symmetry breaking is taken into account. The experimental value of axial charge pins down the proportion of the qqqqq component in the proton to about 20%, which is consistent with the ones given by the strong decay widths and helicity amplitudes. Besides, an axial charge for N（1440） about 1 is predicted with 30% qqqqq component, which is obtained by the strong and electromagnetic decays.

Distribution of Polychaete Assemblage in Relation to Natural Environmental Variation and Anthropogenic Stress

Polychaete are diverse species of the soft-bottom community, and are often used as indicators in environment monitoring programs. However, the effects of anthropogenic activities and natural environmental variation on polychaete assemblage are rarely addressed. The goals of this study are to identify the effects of natural environmental variation and anthropogenic stress on poly- chaete assemblage, and to explore the relationship between the polychaete assemblage structure and anthropogenic stress without considering the natural environmental variation. Based on the data collected from the surveys conducted in the tidal fiat of Jiaozhou Bay, the relationship between polychaete assemblage structure and environmental variables was determined using multivariate statis- tical methods including hierarchical cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling （MDS） and canonical correspondence analysis （CCA）. The results showed that the polychaete assemblage was dominated by two species, Amphictenejaponica and Heteromastusfiliformis, and could be divided into two subgroups characterized by high and low species abundance. CCA illustrated that the natural environ- mental variables including water temperature and the distance from coast had primary effects on the polychaete assemblage structure; while stress of contaminants, such as As and Hg, had the secondary influences; and stress from the aquacultured species, mainly Ruditapes philippinarum, had a limited effect. Colinearity between the natural environmental variables and anthropogenic stress variables caused a critical divergence in the interpretation of CCA results, which highlighted the risk of a lack of information in en- vironment assessment. Glycinde gurjanovae, Sternaspis scutata and Eulalia bilineata may serve as the ＇contamination indicators＇, which need to be confirmed in future studies.

Generalised Closed-Form Symbol Error Rate Analysis for Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coded OFDM System

In this paper,the Symbol Error Rate(SER)performance for Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coded(OSTBC)Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)systems over Nakagami-m fading channels is analysed.A novel closed-form SER expression is proposed,which incorporates the Gauss hypergeometric function and Appell hypergeometric function into the conventional Probability Density Function(PDF)approach.The proposed exact closed-form SER expression is a generalised solution since it perfectly captures OSTBCOFDM systems’performances when having different antenna configurations that employ various modulation schemes and which experience various fading conditions.Finally,Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to demonstrate the exact match between the simulation results and the proposed analytical expressions.

A general thermodynamic analysis and treatment of phases and components in the analysis of phase assemblages in multicomponent systems

Systematic thermodynamic analysis reveals that an essential condition for the thermodynamically valid chemographic projec-tions proposed by Greenwood is completely excessive.In other words,the phases or components from which the projection is made need not be pure,nor have their chemical potentials fixed over the whole chemographic diagram.To facilitate the analy-sis of phase assemblages in multicomponent systems,all phases and components in the system are divided into internal and external ones in terms of their thermodynamic features and roles,where the external phases are those common to all assem-blages in the system,and the external components include excess components and the components whose chemical potentials(or relevant intensive properties of components) are used to define the thermodynamic conditions of the system.This general classification overcomes the difficulties and defects in the previous classifications,and is easier to use than the previous ones.According to the above classification,the phase rule is transformed into a new form.This leads to two findings:(1) the degree of freedom of the system under the given conditions is only determined by the internal components and phases;(2) different external phases can be identified conveniently according to the conditions of the system before knowing the real phase rela-tions.Based on the above results,a simple but general approach is proposed for the treatment of phases and components:all external phases and components can be eliminated from the system without affecting the phase relations,where the external components can be eliminated by appropriate chemographic projections.The projections have no restriction on the states of the phases or the chemical potentials of components from which the projections are made.The present work can give a unified ex-planation of the previous treatments of phases and components in the analysis of phase assemblages under various specific conditions.It helps to avoid potential misunderstandings or errors in the topological analysis of phase relations.

How different are the surfaces of semiconductor Ag_(2)Se quantum dots with various sizes?

The surface of nanocrystals plays a dominant role in many of their physical and chemical properties.However,controllability and tunability of nanocrystal surfaces remain unsolved.Herein,we report that the surface chemistry of nanocrystals,such as near-infrared Ag_(2)Se quantum dots(QDs),is sizedependent and composition-tunable.The Ag_(2)Se QDs tend to form a stable metal complex on the surface to minimize the surface energy,and therefore the surface chemistry can be varied with particle size.Meanwhile,changes in surface inorganic composition lead to reorganization of the surface ligands,and the surface chemistry also varies with composition.Therefore,the surface chemistry of Ag_(2)Se QDs,responsible for the photoluminescence(PL)quantum yield and photostability,can be tuned by changing their size or composition.Accordingly,we demonstrate that the PL intensity of the Ag_(2)Se QDs can be tuned reversely by adjusting the degree of surface Ag^(+) enrichment via light irradiation or the addition of AgNO_(3).This work provides insight into the control of QD surface for desired PL properties.

Recent advances in new-type molecular switches

Molecular switches that can undergo reversible switching between two or more different states in response to external stimuli have been used in the fabrication of various optoelectronic devices and smart materials for many decades, and also found many applications in sensing, molecular self-assembly and photo-controlled biological systems. Recently, mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, and molecular rotary motors based on overcrowded alkenes have emerged as two new kinds of molecular switches. Some novel applications of above-mentioned molecular switches have been discovered. In this mini review, we mainly highlight noticeable achievements over the past decade in this field, and summarize the applications of new types of molecular switches, for instance, controlling the chiral space to regulate catalytic reaction as organocatalysts, controlling molecular motions, synthesizing a peptide in a sequence-specific manner and modulating the wettability of the self-assembled monolayers.

An Oryza-specific hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine gene cluster contributes to enhanced disease resistance

Genomic clustering of non-homologous genes for the biosynthesis of plant defensive compounds is an emerging theme, but insights into their formation and physiological function remain limited. Here we report the identification of a newly discovered hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine(HT) gene cluster in rice.This cluster contains a pyridoxamine 50-phosphate oxidase(Os PDX3) producing the cofactor pyridoxal50-phosphate(PLP), a PLP-dependent tyrosine decarboxylase(Os Ty DC1), and two duplicated hydroxycinnamoyl transferases(Os THT1 and Os THT2). These members were combined to represent an enzymological innovation gene cluster. Natural variation analysis showed that the abundance of the toxic tyramine intermediate of the gene cluster among different rice accessions is mainly determined by the coordinated transcription of Os Ty DC1 and Os THT1. Further pathogen incubation assays demonstrated that the end products of the HT gene cluster displayed enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae(Xoo) and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae(M. oryzae), and the enhanced resistance is associated with the boost of phytoalexins and the activation of defense response. The unique presence of the HT gene cluster in Oryza AA genome, together with the enrichment of transposon elements within this gene cluster region, provides an evolutionary background to accelerate cluster member combinations. Our study not only discovered a gene cluster involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism but also addressed the key aspects of gene cluster formation. In addition, our results provide a new metabolic pool for plant defense against pathogens.