在跨语言的考察中,我们发现人类语言通常使用形态变化或结构位置表示否定,即通过否定副词、否定助词以及否定词缀来实现。手语是使用空间信息表达意义的语言符号,是一种与有声语言既有共性又有差异性的视觉语言符号系统。手语中的否定...在跨语言的考察中,我们发现人类语言通常使用形态变化或结构位置表示否定,即通过否定副词、否定助词以及否定词缀来实现。手语是使用空间信息表达意义的语言符号,是一种与有声语言既有共性又有差异性的视觉语言符号系统。手语中的否定标记既包含否定副词、否定助词、否定词缀,还包括非线性的否定标记,也称作非手挖否定标记(non-manual markers of negation),这类标记可以附着在词或句子之上,有时也可以单独承担否定的功能,它的位置和范围在不同的语言中会受到各自语言的特殊限制。文章以中国手语(CSL)为例,讨论手语中否定标记的类型、线性和非线性位置及辖域、分裂否定的表现形式,以及有声语言与视觉语言在类型学上的异同。展开更多
Natural selection has been shown to drive population differentiation and speciation. The role of sexual selection in this process is controversial; however, most of the work has centered on mate choice while the role ...Natural selection has been shown to drive population differentiation and speciation. The role of sexual selection in this process is controversial; however, most of the work has centered on mate choice while the role of male-male competition in speciation is relatively understudied. Here, we outline how male-male competition can be a source of diversifying selection on male competitive phenotypes, and how this can contribute to the evolution of reproductive isolation. We highlight how negative frequency-dependent selection （advantage of rare phenotype arising from stronger male-male competition between similar male phenotypes compared with dissimilar male pheno- types） and disruptive selection （advantage of extreme phenotypes） drives the evolution of diversity in competitive traits such as weapon size, nuptial coloration, or aggressiveness. We underscore that male-male competition interacts with other life-history functions and that variable male com- petitive phenotypes may represent alternative adaptive options. In addition to competition for mates, aggressive interference competition for ecological resources can exert selection on compet- itor signals. We call for a better integration of male-male competition with ecological interference competition since both can influence the process of speciation via comparable but distinct mecha- nisms. Altogether, we present a more comprehensive framework for studying the role of male-male competition in speciation, and emphasize the need for better integration of insights gained from other fields studying the evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological consequences of agonistic interactions.展开更多
文摘在跨语言的考察中,我们发现人类语言通常使用形态变化或结构位置表示否定,即通过否定副词、否定助词以及否定词缀来实现。手语是使用空间信息表达意义的语言符号,是一种与有声语言既有共性又有差异性的视觉语言符号系统。手语中的否定标记既包含否定副词、否定助词、否定词缀,还包括非线性的否定标记,也称作非手挖否定标记(non-manual markers of negation),这类标记可以附着在词或句子之上,有时也可以单独承担否定的功能,它的位置和范围在不同的语言中会受到各自语言的特殊限制。文章以中国手语(CSL)为例,讨论手语中否定标记的类型、线性和非线性位置及辖域、分裂否定的表现形式,以及有声语言与视觉语言在类型学上的异同。
文摘Natural selection has been shown to drive population differentiation and speciation. The role of sexual selection in this process is controversial; however, most of the work has centered on mate choice while the role of male-male competition in speciation is relatively understudied. Here, we outline how male-male competition can be a source of diversifying selection on male competitive phenotypes, and how this can contribute to the evolution of reproductive isolation. We highlight how negative frequency-dependent selection （advantage of rare phenotype arising from stronger male-male competition between similar male phenotypes compared with dissimilar male pheno- types） and disruptive selection （advantage of extreme phenotypes） drives the evolution of diversity in competitive traits such as weapon size, nuptial coloration, or aggressiveness. We underscore that male-male competition interacts with other life-history functions and that variable male com- petitive phenotypes may represent alternative adaptive options. In addition to competition for mates, aggressive interference competition for ecological resources can exert selection on compet- itor signals. We call for a better integration of male-male competition with ecological interference competition since both can influence the process of speciation via comparable but distinct mecha- nisms. Altogether, we present a more comprehensive framework for studying the role of male-male competition in speciation, and emphasize the need for better integration of insights gained from other fields studying the evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological consequences of agonistic interactions.
