CFC12的分装方法

1 概述OFC_s 以其对人体无害,无味,无腐蚀性,不燃,不爆,绝热指数、凝固点低,临界温度高,临界压力低等特殊性质而被作为致冷剂、喷射剂、清洗剂、发泡剂等应用于各个领域。OFC-12是一种中温中压液化气,商品有1～800 kg 等多种不同规格的包装。对于生产厂家来讲,为了保证生产连续性及批量生产,大多数用100kg、400kg、800kg 钢瓶包装。但对于大部分的使用客户来讲,则是100 kg 以下的包装为好,因其重量轻。

琼脂培养基分装试管新法

琼脂培养基分装试管时,通常都是在琼脂溶化以后,用漏斗或注射器分装试管.这种方法的缺点是,培养基长期在火焰上加热,前后分装的水分不一致.

不同制备方式对小剂量去白细胞悬浮红细胞标示量的影响分析

目的 探讨不同制备方法对0.5 U小剂量去白细胞悬浮红细胞容量的影响,为精确标示小剂量去白细胞悬浮红细胞容量提供参考依据。方法 随机抽取母袋为1.5 U和2 U的去白悬浮红细胞,测定各袋重量和血液比重,计算血液容量,推断不同母袋分装0.5 U血液的重量与容量的关系及线性回归方程,用该回归方程计算和分析实际工作中3种不同制备方法(A手工多袋平均分装、B仪器多袋平均分装、C手工单袋分装)制备0.5 U去白悬浮红细胞的容量差异。结果 抽取38袋1.5 U和39袋2 U去白悬浮红细胞测定的比重分别为(1.090±0.011)g/mL和(1.097±0.013)g/mL,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),从不同母袋(1.5 U和2 U)平均分装成0.5 U后,0.5 U的容量(Y)与整袋毛重(X)的回归方程分别为:Y_(1.5U分装)=0.902 7X-12.52(P<0.05)和Y_(2U分装)=0.905 6X-13.15(P<0.05);在实际血液制备中,母袋1.5 U采用方法A和B分装的血液容量均值(62.12±5.38)mL和(62.50±6.77)mL分别小于来自母袋2 U用方法A、B平均分装的容量(67.72±3.81)mL和(68.39±6.44)mL(P均<0.05),母袋不同时小剂量血液的差值范围:5.593~5.887 mL,且方法B的容量偏差(10.84%和9.42%)大于方法A(8.67%和5.63%);采用方法C从母袋1.5 U和2 U单袋分装的容量均值分别为(65.49±1.72)mL和(64.99±1.91)mL,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),容量偏差分别为2.63%和2.94%;汇总全部0.5 U(n=483)的容量均值为(65.35±5.34)mL。结论 仪器平均分装法制备0.5 U的容量偏差最大,手工平均分装法次之,单袋分装法的容量差异最小;小剂量去白悬浮红细胞的容量标示量应根据不同母袋的规格及血液比重制定不同的制备方式。

Studies on preparations and analysis of essential oil from Chinese fir

Three steam distillation devices (D-1, D-2 and D-4) or one simultaneous distillation (D-3, water-diethyl ether) as well as the process of CO2-SFE (Supercritical fluid extraction) were adopted in extraction of essential oils from Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lancedata (Lamb) Hook.) and the chemical components of the extracted essential oil were analyzed by Gas chromatograph-MS analyses. The results showed that the essential oil could be almost extracted out within 2 hours and the device-3 had the highest extraction efficiency. The major chemical component of the oil was cedrol. The yield of the extracted essential oils from Chinese fir decreased gradually with the increase of the distillation time. The best condition for extraction by means of CO2-SFE is 100 kg·cm?2 in pressure and 40°C in temperature for. Keywords Chinese fir - Essential oil - Cedrol - Supercritical fluid extraction CLC number S781.4 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was support by the Key Foundation Research Project (G1999016001) of China and the Japan International Cooperation AgencyBiography: HUANG Luo-hua (1957-), male, Research associate, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

Environmental Analysis of Packaging for Soft Drinks Using the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.

Analysis of Fabric's Visual Image Based on Seasonal Application to Clothing

Fabric’s visual image is on important that affects its seasonal application to clothing. In this paper, color and luster property of the fabric were simultaneously considered to elaborate application to clothing in seasons. Fabric samples were selected in the four seasons, which were quantified by using the Muncell color system. The data of the color attributes and fabric’s surface luster property were analyzed, which applied in spring, summer, autumn and winter.

Historical Building Renovation as a Construction Project

Approaches to building renovation require high professional levels, interdisciplinary elements, team work and time to study and do research on the buildings. The process of renovating historic buildings is made up of agreements and compromises between the interests of the government, common interests, and the motives and interests of individual owners and prospective investors. Research that deals with any portion of cultural heritages always carried out very precisely, but there is still no precise knowledge of how to define a system and draw up a model that accurately represents a cultural heritage. In the existing literature on this topic, the authors have written about the different views of how to explain the construction project as a system. While many authors focus on ＂sub-phases＂ directly connected to the building of an object, the process involved in the construction phase often neglects the phases required before beginning work, which culminates in a logical sequence in the process of preparing a project. Irregularities or deficiencies which occur during the preparation process of a project often directly impact the construction itself. What the scope of this impact depends on the approach of the contractual organization, the organization of construction companies and on co-operation between the customer （or architects） and the contractors. Unlike the projects for newly built objects, the conservation projects of cultural heritage are not only more demanding because of lack of knowledge of the building materials, construction, foundation and interaction of the mentioned individual parts into a unit called a building. The authors analyzed the structural aspects of building conservation which were suggested by Beckmaun and Bowles and another methodology, which was developed as part of the 5th framework program for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and interdisciplinary treatment of the revitalization of a historical city. The authors found that both methodologies do not include modern IT tools and methods. By analyzing and monitoring the restoration of historic buildings in Slovenia, specifically in the city of Maribor （including all documentation, interviews and direct views） the authors found that the project was regarded as a collection of individual projects rather than a unified whole （a system）. The authors have demonstrated the consequences of structuring a historic building restoration project in a non-systemic way. This type of project can be classified as a non-sustainable renovation. In this article, at first the authors will try to clarify what types of systems and subsystems are considered in renovating historic buildings. The authors show when and why a system becomes stochastic （a probability） and in the end what would be needed to successfully re-establish it back to a determined system. By analyzing the work and reconstruction of old buildings in Maribor, the authors found that it would be necessary to give a new framework with IT tools for the preparation of a historic building restoration project.

Photoelectrode for water splitting: Materials,fabrication and characterization

Photoelectorchemical（PEC） water splitting is an attractive approach for producing sustainable and environment-friendly hydrogen. An efficient PEC process is rooted in appropriate semiconductor materials, which should possess small bandgap to ensure wide light harvest, facile charge separation to allow the generated photocharges migrating to the reactive sites and highly catalytic capability to fully utilize the separated photocharges. Proper electrode fabrication method is of equal importance for promoting charge transfer and accelerating surface reactions in the electrodes. Moreover,powerful characterization method can shed light on the complex PEC process and provide deep understanding of the rate-determining step for us to improve the PEC systems further. Targeting on high solar conversion efficiency, here we provide a review on the development of PEC water splitting in the aspect of materials exploring, fabrication method and characterization. It is expected to provide some fundamental insight of PEC and inspire the design of more effective PEC systems.

Human Reliability Analysis Method on Armored Vehicle System Considering Error Correction

Human reliability analysis(HRA) is an expansion of man-machine engineering. It is also a new multidisciplinary based on behavioral science, cognitive science, information processing, system analysis and probability statistics in order to analyze, predict, reduce and prevent human errors. Firstly, the quantitative analysis model of HRA is proposed based on Markov process theory by using human error probability(HEP) and error correction cycle(ECC) as parameters. And human reliability evaluation criterion is built. Then, the HRA process considering error correction is proposed based on cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM). Finally, according to the characteristics of armored vehicle system, common performance condition(CPC) in CREAM is improved.A reliability impact index is characterized by the overall contexts of tasks. Human reliability evaluation criterion of armored vehicle system is formulated. And the result of HRA is obtained based on the method presented in this paper. In addition, the relative weights are estimated by combining scale of 10/10—18/2 and analytical hierarchy process(AHP), and the triangular fuzzy number considering confidence factor and optimism index is adopted in order to reduce the subjectivity. The analysis results show that the method presented in this paper is reasonable and feasible. Meantime, the method can provide guidance for human reliability analysis of other weapon systems.

Efficient page layout analysis on small devices

Previously we have designed and implemented new image browsing facilities to support effective offiine image contents on mobile devices with limited capabilities： low bandwidth, small display, and slow processing. In this letter, we fulfill the automatic production of cartoon contents fitting small-screen display, and introduce a clustering method useful for various types of cartoon images as a prerequisite stage for preserving semantic meaning. The usage of neural networks is to properly cut the various forms of pages. Texture information that is useful for grayscale image segmentation gives us a good clue for page layout analysis using the multilayer perceptron （MLP） based x-y recursive algorithm. We also automatically frame the segment MLP using agglomerative segmentation. Our experimental results show that the combined approaches yield good results of segmentation for several cartoons.