海洋地震资料中强能量噪声压制的分频振幅衰减法应用研究

分频振幅衰减法将地震数据分为不同的频段范围,通过求取给定频率段不同时窗内地震样点的振幅强度,预测出强能量的噪声,以地震样点组的平均绝对振幅值作为标定,确定地震样点的振幅衰减曲线,采用时变的门槛值来有效压制强能量噪声干扰。东海某海域实际地震资料压噪处理的应用效果表明,分频振幅衰减法不仅适用于涌浪干扰、地震(船)干扰及强能量低频和高频干扰的压制,还能有效压制近道强能量剩余多次波,显著改善地震资料的信噪比。

基于随机函数数据重构的分频异常振幅衰减技术在巨厚黄土塬区的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬区因巨厚黄土层覆盖的影响,地震资料通常存在很强的小炮检距强能量噪声和浅层宽频强折射噪声。针对此类噪声目前常用的去噪方法有相干噪声压制法和分频异常振幅衰减法,但实际应用中常存在信噪分离能力不足、边界效应、空间假频等问题。鉴于黄土塬区地下反射层平缓、同相轴倾角小、在同一时间层位上有效信号的能量级别差异有限的特点,采用随机函数数据重构方法,将小炮检距强能量噪声和浅层宽频强折射噪声转变成随机强能量噪声的形式,再利用分频异常振幅衰减法进行有效压制。实际资料应用结果表明,该方法具有去噪效果好、振幅保真度高的特点,能更好地解决巨厚黄土塬区噪声压制问题,显著改善地震资料的信噪比。

鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆区延长组致密油“甜点”控制因素及预测方法

鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆区中生界延长组广泛发育致密油储层。对测井、岩心以及地震资料的综合研究表明:含油性主要受到烃源岩厚度与储层层位、平面位置的控制。烃源岩厚度越大,则其上覆储层含油性越好;湖盆华池、庆城一带致密储层自长61至长72越接近烃源岩,其含油性越好。致密油碎屑岩储层与围岩地震波阻抗差异较小,应用常规地震勘探方法较难识别。采用叠前反演、叠后反演、叠后能量衰减等多种地震方法进行了试验研究。结果表明:叠前纵波阻抗以及λρ参数反演可以较好地反映含油砂岩成层性和叠置性;叠后密度反演与叠前反演结合,可以在平面上判断不同时期含油砂体平面展布范围;分频衰减技术在剖面上可以较好地区分油层和干层,油层的调谐振幅频率往往比干层小5~10Hz,通过分频体相减的方法可以在平面上判断含油砂岩分布范围。

High-precision frequency attenuation analysis and its application

Based on seismic attenuation theory in a fluid-filled porous medium, we improve conventional methods of low-frequency shadow analysis （LFSA） and energy absorption analysis （EAA） and propose a high-precision frequency attenuation analysis technology. First, we introduce the method of three-parameter wavelet transform and the time-frequency focused criterion and develop a high-precision time-frequency analysis method based on an adaptive three-parameter wavelet transform, which has high time-frequency resolution with benefit to LFSA and can obtain a single-peaked spectrum with narrow side-lobes with benefit to EAA. Second, we correctly compute absorption coefficient by curve fitting based on the nonlinear Nelder-Mead algorithm and effectively improve EAA precision. Practical application results show that the proposed frequency attenuation analysis technology integrated with LFSA and EAA can effectively predict favorable zones of carbonate oolitic reservoir. Furthermore, reservoir prediction results based on LFSA correspond with EAA. The new technology can effectively improve reservoir prediction reliability and reduce exploration risk.

鄂尔多斯盆地中部下古生界白云岩含气性地震检测

利用AVO、叠前弹性参数反演和高频地震能量衰减等方法检测砂岩是否含气得到了较为广泛的应用,但是这些方法是否适用于层状白云岩储层含气性检测并不清楚。针对鄂尔多斯盆地马五5白云岩的岩性和含气性变化,采用岩石物理分析、AVO类型分析、叠前反演、叠后能量衰减等多种地震方法进行了试验研究。研究表明,岩石物理参数交会图不能严格区分含气白云岩、不含气的含灰白云岩和含泥白云岩,但白云岩气层与灰岩和砂泥岩的参数差异较明显。通过截距-梯度交会图与正演模型相结合可以判断研究区白云岩属于第Ⅰ类和第Ⅳ类AVO异常,但因影响因素过多,因此不能完全依靠AVO类型进行含气性判别。在各种叠前弹性参数反演中,纵横波速度比反演以及泊松比反演可以较好地反映白云岩含气层厚度、分布与尖灭。分频能量衰减分析表明,含气段比不含气段的最高能量对应的频率会降低大约5Hz。叠前弹性参数反演和分频能量衰减检测白云岩是否含气具有一定的效果和一致性。

南海北部陆坡区多次波组合压制技术

南海北部陆坡区大部分为深水崎岖海底地貌,各种类型多次波十分发育,多次波的辨识和压制历来是该区地震资料处理的难点和重点。选取适合的多次波压制技术方法是获得高质量成像地震剖面的关键。通过对东西向排列的三条测线原始资料中多次波的发育情况研究,分析了该区多种类型多次波的特点,组合应用τ-p域预测反褶积、自由表面多次波衰减(SRME)、高精度Radon变换和分频能量衰减法,对各种多次波进行有效压制,使叠加效果和质量明显得到改善,中、深层反射波组特征清楚,易于辨识和解释。

Wigner-Ville distribution and its application in seismic attenuation estimation

The attenuation of seismic signals is often characterized in the frequency domain using statistical measures of the power spectrum. However, the conventional Fourier transform-based power spectrum estimation methods suffer from time-frequency resolution problems. Wigner-Ville distribution, which is a member of Cohen class time-frequency distributions, possesses many appealing properties, such as time-frequency marginal distribution, time-frequency localization, etc. Therefore, Wigner-Ville distribution offers a new way for estimating the attenuation of seismic signals. This paper initially gives a brief introduction to Wigner-Ville distribution and the smoothed Wigner-Ville distribution that is effective in reducing the cross-term effect, and then presents a method for seismic attenuation estimation based on the instantaneous energy spectrum of the Wigner-Ville distribution. A real data example from central Tarim Basin in western China is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the Wigner-Ville distribution-based seismic attenuation estimation method can effectively detect the difference between reef, shoal and lagoon facies by their attenuation properties, indicating that the estimated seismic attenuation can be used for reef and shoal carbonate reservoir characterization.

Ground roll wave suppression based on wavelet frequency division and radial trace transform

Ground roll waves interfere with seismic data. The suppression of ground roll waves based on the division of wavelet frequencies considers the low-frequency characteristics of ground roll waves. However, this method will not be effective when the ground roll wave and the effective signal have the same frequency bands because of overlapping. The radial trace transform （RTT） considers the apparent velocity difference between the effective signal and the ground roll wave to suppress the latter, but affects the low-frequency components of the former. This study proposes a ground roll wave suppression method by combining the wavelet frequency division and the RTT based on the difference between the ground roll wave velocity and the effective signal and their energy difference in the wavelet domain, thus making full use of the advantages of both methods. First, we decompose the seismic data into different frequency bands through wavelet transform. Second, the RTT and low-cut filtering are applied to the low-frequency band, where the ground roll waves are appearing. Third, we reconstruct the seismic record without ground roll waves by using the inverse RTT and the remaining frequency bands. The proposed method not only improves the ground roll wave suppression, but also protects the signal integrity. The numerical simulation and real seismic data processing results suggest that the proposed method has a strong ability to denoise while preserving the amplitude.

沙漠区可控震源采集资料“黑三角”强能量噪声压制技术

银额盆地拐子湖凹陷沙漠探区特殊的地形、地貌条件对地震资料的激发和接受产生不利的影响,其表层被巨厚且松散的沙土覆盖,沙丘厚度在50~100 m间。在该区开展可控震源采集时,受可控震源机械特征和近地表结构双重影响,在近道范围内,形成“黑三角”干扰,导致地震记录信噪比低。“黑三角”干扰具有能量强、频带宽、分布广、形态差异大等特征,在共炮点域、共检波点域等单一排列内,无法准确统计其振幅强度,导致压制“黑三角”噪声后残留噪声过多,为此提出先按照共炮—偏移距域进行数据重排,然后进行去噪处理的思路,基于银额盆地拐子湖地区的实际可控震源资料应用,验证了该方法在有效压制“黑三角”的同时,能有效保护近道反射信号,特别是深层弱反射信息,也验证了该方法在提高资料信噪比上的有效性。

油气检测多技术联合在B油田的应用研究

B油气田处于开发初期,钻井少,目标区内含气储层边界认识不清,直接影响油田储量准确计算及后期开发井网部署和优化。为准确落实油田含气储层边界,利用分频能量衰减技术、AVO分析技术以及叠前弹性参数反演等多技术结合,并与已钻井相互印证,开展目标区含气储层地震响应特征分析,进而准确预测目标区含气储层边界。分析表明,受地震波衰减特性的影响,目标区含气储层具有低频能量增加、高频能量减弱的“低频共振、高频衰减”特征;通过已钻井AVO正演分析可以判定目标区含气储层属于第Ⅲ类AVO异常,其地震正振幅随偏移距的增大而增强;岩石物理参数中,拉梅系数、泊松比、纵横波速度比为含气砂岩敏感参数,且泊松比区分含气砂岩的效果最好,可较好地反映含气储层平面分布。分频能量衰减、AVO分析及叠前弹性参数反演能较好地检测含气储层,多技术结合相互印证有助于提高含气储层边界预测精度,为目标区储量准确计算和开发井网部署优化提供支持。

Q estimation based on logarithmic spectral areas with different high and low frequencies

When a seismic wave propagates through subsurface viscoelastic media,the formation absorbs the high-frequency energy of the seismic wave more strongly than the low-frequency energy.As the depth and the off set increase,the diff erence between the logarithmic spectral areas with high and low frequencies gradually increases.Based on this seismic wave characteristic,we have developed a novel Q-estimation method based on logarithmic spectral area diff erence of high and low frequencies(referred to as the LSAD_LH method).In this paper,we derive the theoretical relationship between the Q value and difference of logarithmic spectral areas with high and low frequencies and prove the applicability of the LSAD_LH method using a single-layer medium numerical model.To verify the sensitivity of the LSAD_LH method to bandwidth selection and noise,we compare the LSAD_LH method with two credible methods—the logarithmic spectral ratio(LSR)and logarithmic spectral area diff erence(LSAD)methods using a synthetic model containing the random noise.The results demonstrate that the LSAD_LH method is not highly dependent on bandwidth,and in terms of noise immunity,it is signifi cantly better than the LSR method and has the same advantages as the LSAD method.To further highlight the advantages of the LSAD_LH method,we apply the LSAD_LH and LSAD methods to the vertical seismic profi ling(VSP)numerical simulation of the multilayer media and the fi eld zero-off set VSP data.The application of the two cases proves the applicability of the LSAD_LH method and the accuracy of the high Q-value estimation relative to the LSAD method.Moreover,via the transmission coeffi cient,the LSAD_LH method overcomes the weakness of the LSAD method.

阿尔及利亚某山地工区高效地震采集资料机械干扰压制技术研究

阿尔及利亚某山地工区高效地震采集资料中因存在机械干扰导致地震资料成像效果差、品质低,且常用的时域分频异常振幅衰减方法应用效果不理想。因此,提出了一种适合于压制机械干扰的综合去噪技术,在详细调查机械干扰波特征和分布规律的基础上,首先基于其与地滚波具有一定程度的相似性,采用自适应地滚波衰减方法去除部分机械干扰,并压缩其在空间方向的影响范围,使之局部性特征更加突出;然后采用f-x-y域异常振幅衰减方法进行去噪处理,使得表现为局部强振幅的机械干扰得到压制,特别是浅层的机械干扰;最后采用时域分频异常振幅衰减方法对中、深层资料进行剩余噪声压制处理。实际资料应用结果表明,以上综合去噪技术能够有效压制高效地震采集资料中的机械干扰,提高地震资料信噪比及成像效果,具有较强的实用性和较高的推广应用价值。