分食制视角下汉代铜染器造物思想研究

我国的分食制可追溯至商周时期,汉代承袭前朝出现席地而坐、分餐而食的饮食方式。铜染器是汉代流行的组合型食器,在分食制的饮食习惯下,其设计在形制及尺度上都体现出对分食制“制”与“礼”的呼应。文章从设计学角度出发,从分食制饮食方式的视角研究汉代铜染器的形制与功能,总结出汉代铜染器的造物思想满足对“尺度”“法度”“礼度”相适宜的特点。

我国古代分食制及现代应用

当今社会,我们中国人习惯共同进食的"合食",互相夹菜以示礼让,但随着现代生活水平的提高,健康的饮食方式逐渐受到人们的重视,分食制开始受到人们的关注。很多人认为分食制来源于西方的饮食方式,其实不然,分食制在中国历史上一直都有,只是随着历史不断的变化,而消失在人们的视野。这里所讲的分食制不是单纯地指西方一人一份的方式,而是指一人一案的传统饮食文化习惯,本文首先从起源、发展到演变阐述我国古代的分食制,再分析了现代社会实行分食制必要性,并提出了实行时可能出现的问题,最后结合实际,提出分食制在我馆实行的可行性。

中餐分食：“进食筷”和“取食筷”并用

在SARS肆虐和全民奋力抗非典的过程中，破除不科学、不文明生活陋习，养成科学文明健康生活习惯已成为公众普遍而强烈的愿望。中国科协发起全社会开展的旨在“除陋习树新风”的活动结果表明：“混用餐具同饮食”已经理所当然地被列为公民大众“我最深恶痛绝的生活陋习”之一。

A Study of Molecular Resection Margins for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Large Pathologic Sections

OBJECTIVE It has been shown that application of molecular biological techniques to surgical margins of some cancers could predict risk of local recurrence. However, the optimal length of surgical resection with tumor-free surgical margins for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ES- CC） is unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the optimal length of surgical resection for ESCC with molecularly tumor-free surgical margins marked by p53 and Ki67.METHODS Surgical specimens from 70 patients with ESCC were collected for study. The lengths of the upper margin, tumor, and lower margin of every specimen were measured during the operation. Each specimen was divided into three large pathologic sections, stained with H＆E and immunohistochemically for p53 and Ki67, and examined microscopically. The lengths of the upper and lower resection ends were measured for p53 and Ki67 positive expression. The actual surgical lengths were calculated by the principle of rational shrinkage.RESULTS All surgical margins were histologically tumor-free, while the positive rates of p53 and Ki67 were 66% and 54%. The positive rates of p53 and Ki67 in the upper resecti0n end were 17% and 20%. The mean lengths of the upper resection end showing p53 and Ki67 positive expression were 1.08±1.12 cm and 1.64±1.01 cm, and the maximum lengths were 3.73 cm and 3.26 cm. The positive,rates of p53 and Ki67 in the lower resection end were 20% and 23%. The mean lengths of the lower resection end of p53 and Ki67 with positive expression were 1.11±1.15 cm and 1.34±0.94 cm, and the maximum lengths were 3.73 cm and 3.61 cm.CONCLUSION The optimal length of surgical resection with molecularly tumor-free surgical margins of ESCC is not more than 5 cm.

Investigation of Biochemical Properties and Fractional Composition of Amaranth Oil

The aim of the study is to conduct comprehensive experiments and developments of innovative technologies to produce the oil extract of amaranth for their application as food additives in the food industry. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were identified： （I） study the physicochemical, biochemical properties and the composition of amaranth seeds; （2） improving the methods for producing the oil extract of amaranth. This article is devoted to complex research of processes of manufacture of vegetable oils. Authors have developed scientific bases of improvement and an intensification of technological processes for production of oil from amaranth seeds. The authors have developed a new technology for extracting of oil from amaranth seeds using hexane as a solvent. The proposed method provides to obtain oil without great technical effort and keeps it all the nutrients that promote the highest taste of the product and with little labor and time costs.

Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction in aging—insights from Caenorhabditis elegans research

Dietary restriction(DR) is one of the most robust environmental manipulations that not only extend life span but also delay the onset of age-related diseases in almost every species examined. Caenorhabditis elegans plays an important role in aging studies due to its simple life cycle, easy genetic manipulations and highly conserved genome. Recent studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of DR are mediated by the highly conserved transcription factors and signaling pathways in C. elegans. Here we review recent progress in the methodology and molecular mechanisms of DR using C. elegans as a model, as well as prospects for future research.

Impacts of Land Fragmentation and Cropping System on the Productivity and Efficiency of Grain Producers in the North China Plain: Taking Cangxian County of Hebei Province as an Example

Land fragmentation is widely known to have an impact on farm performance. However, previous studies investigating this impact mainly focused on a single crop, and only limited data from China are available. This study considers multiple crops to identify the impact of land fragmentation(LF), as well as cropping system(CS), on farm productivity and the efficiency of grain producers in the North China Plain(NCP), using Cangxian County of Hebei Province as an example. Detailed household-and plot-level survey data are applied and four stochastic frontier and inefficiency models are developed. These models include different sets of key variables in either the production function or the inefficiency models, in order to investigate all possibilities of their influences on farm productivity and efficiency. The results show that LF plays a significant and detrimental role, affecting both productivity and efficiency. A positive effect is evident with respect to the CS variable, i.e., multiple cropping index(MCI), and the wheat-maize double CS, rather than the maize single CS, is usually associated with higher farm productivity and efficiency. In addition to LF and CS, four basic production input variables(labor, seed, pesticide and irrigation), also significantly affect farmers’ productivity, while the age of the household head and the ratio of the off-farm labor to total labor are significantly relevant to technical inefficiency. Policies geared toward the promotion of land transfer and the rational adjustment of cropping systems are recommended for boosting farm productivity and efficiency, and thus maintaining the food supply while mitigating the overexploitation of groundwater in the NCP.

BIFURCATION CONTROL OF A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL BASED ON NUTRITION KINETICS

The existence conditions of Hopf bifurcation for a predator prey model based on nutri- tion kinetics are given. The two results may appear as follows： one is that the model has a stable periodic trajectory from Hopf bifurcation, which shows the system is in an eco- logical balance; the other is that periodic trajectory from Hopf bifurcation is unstable, which indicates the system is in a sharp or catastrophic loss of stability. For the latter, a bifurcation controller is designed to make the periodic trajectory stable. Finally, some simulations are carried out to prove the results.