两汉时期对西南地区的开发

汉代中央政府加强了边疆民族地区的开发与治理,在西南边疆地区实行的“开土列郡”及移民政策,适应中央集权制统治的需要,加速了中原先进的封建政治制度及经济文化在西南边疆地区的传播,有利于汉朝统治秩序的稳定和西南地区经济文化的发展。

Design and Fabrication of Thermo-Optic 4×4 Switching Matrix in Silicon-on-Insulator

A rearrangeable nonblocking thermo-optic 4×4 switching matrix,which consists of five 2×2 multimode interference-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MMI-MZI) switch elements,is designed and fabricated.The minimum and maximum excess loss for the matrix are 6.6 and 10.4dB,respectively.The crosstalk in the matrix is measured to be between -12 and -19.8dB.The switching speed of the matrix is less than 30μs.The power consumption for the single switch element is about 330mW.

清代前期文官选任制度之演变

关于清代文官选任制度,目前学界大都根据光绪朝《大清会典》所载清后期的情况作静态的概述,鲜有对制度在前期的演变过程作动态的考察。按照选任方式的不同,清代文官可分为两大群体:中央京堂以上、地方布按以上高级官员和京官司员以下、外官道府以下中下级官员,二者在选任制度上的变化明显不同。高级官员选任制度的变化主要表现在由会推和论俸推升制度改为开列具题,结合特简授官,皇帝牢牢控制这部分官员的选任。中下级官员选任制度的演变,集中体现在从月选中分出以题缺为主要内容的留选制度,使中下级官员中的要缺,转由各部院长官和地方督抚于属员中拣选有才能者就近补授,具有一定的行政合理性。这两方面的改变都分割了吏部的选官权力,并对清代政治造成了不同程度的影响。

A 2GHz Low Power Differentially Tuned CMOS Monolithic LC-VCO

A 2GHz differentially tuned CMOS monolithic LC-VCO is designed and fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process. The VCO has a 16.15% tuning range （from 1. 8998 to 2. 2335GHz） through a combination of analog and digital tuning techniques （4-bit binary switch-capacitor array）. The measured phase noise is - 118.17dBc/Hz at a 1MHz offset from a 2. 158GHz carrier. With the presented improved switch,the phase noise varies no more than 3dB at different digital control bits. The phase noise changes only by about 2dB in the tuning range because of the pn-junctions as the varactors. The VCO draws a current of about 2. lmA from a 1.8V power supply and works normally with a 1.5V power supply.

关于闭区间套定理

对闭区间套定理的条件作一些变动或增加,可以得到相同的结论。

A wideband low-phase-noise LC VCO for DRM/DAB frequency synthesizer

The wideband CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator（VCO）with low phase noise and low power consumption is presented for a DRM/DAB（digital radio mondiale and digital audio broadcasting）frequency synthesizer.In order to obtain a wide band and a large tuning range,a parallel switched capacitor bank is added in the LC tank.The proposed VCO is implemented in SMIC 0.18-μm RF CMOS technology and the chip area is 750 μm×560 μm,including the test buffer circuit and the pads.Measured results show that the tuning range is 44.6%;i.e.,the frequency turning range is from 2.27 to 3.57 GHz.The measured phase noise is-122.22 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset from the carrier.The maximum power consumption of the core part is 6.16 mW at a 1.8 V power supply.

A 16×16 Micro Mirror Array for Optical Switches

This paper reports on the design, fabrication,and performance of a high-reflectivity large-rotation mirror array for MEMS （micro-electro-mechanical system） 16 × 16 optical switches. The mirror in the array can enlarge its rotation an- gles up to 90° and keep a steady state to steer the optical signal. According to the large-rotation behavior, an electro- mechanical model of the mirror is presented. By monolithic integration of fiber grooves and mirrors fabricated by a sur- face and bulk hybrid micromachining process, the coarse passive alignment of fiber-mirror-fiber can be achieved. The re- flectivity of the mirror is measured to be 93.1% ~96.3%. The switches demonstrate that the smallest fiber-mirror-fiber insertion loss is 2. ldB using OptiFocusTM collimating lensed fibers. Moreover,only about ＋- 0.01dB oscillating amplitude of insertion loss is provoked after the device is tested for 15min for 5-90Hz in the vertical vibration amplitude of 3mm.

Cloning the Structure Genes and Expression the N Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus DX

The structure genes spike(S) ,nucleocapsid(N) ,membrane(M) ,small membrane(sM) of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) strain DX isolated in Gansu province,North-west of China,were cloned,sequenced and compared with published sequences of PEDV strains. The nucleotide sequences encoding the entire S,sM,M and N genes open reading frame(ORF) of DX were 4 152,231,681 and 1 326 bases long respectively. There were transcription regulatory sequences(TRSs) upstream of the initiator ATG of the S,N and M genes. The amino acids sequences of S,M and N contained 30,3 and 7 potential asparagine(N) -linked glycosylation sites. Homologous analysis and phylogenetic trees showed that DX had the closest relationship with strains LJB/06,JS-2004-2Z and CH/HLJH/06 that were also isolated from China and indicated the prevalence of some PEDV isolates in China were widespread since the JS-2004-2Z strain originated from the south of the China,and LJB/06 and CH/HLJH/06 were isolated from northeast China. The N gene was cloned using two primers which contained Nco I and BamH I restriction enzyme sites and subcloned into expression vector pET30a. The recombinant plasmid was then transformed into E.coli Rossta. SDS-PAGE showed there was a protein of about 55kDa as expected and Western blot indicated the N protein had biological activity.

Encyclopedia of Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Genes

The Autographa californica multiple capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) was the first baculovirus for which the complete nucleotide sequence became known. Since then 15 years lapsed and much research has been performed to elucidate putative functions of the annotated open reading frames of this virus and this endeavour is still ongoing. AcMNPV is the most well-known and well-studied baculovirus species, not in the least for its application as a vector for the high-level expression of foreign genes in insect cells. This article is the first monograph of a single baculovirus and gives a current overview of what is known about the 151 AcMNPV ORFs, including (putative) function and temporal and spatial presence of transcripts and protein. To date 60 ORFs have a proven function, another 19 ORFs have homologs for which functions are known in other baculoviruses and 72 ORFs are still enigmatic. This paper should assist the reader in quickly finding the essentials of AcMNPV.

秦汉帝国治域下巴蜀的华夏化

随着秦汉大一统帝国的创建,其自然成为华夏的"具体化、政治化象征"。在其治域下,地处西南之隅的巴蜀也开始了华夏化进程。通过"开土列郡",巴蜀首先从政治体制上跻身华夏帝国行政序列;随着秦汉对巴蜀在政治经济文化诸方面的更化改造,巴蜀民众渐趋"染秦化","好文雅",从而逐渐与中原习尚、主流文化趋同;随着政治文化上的认同,巴蜀族源谱系亦发生变化,"黄帝"后裔的族源建构推动巴蜀从血统上完成华夏化。华夏化的巴蜀成为中原与西南夷之间的中介与桥梁,发挥着重要的作用。

Particle swarm optimization for train schedule of Y-type train routing in urban rail transit

The train schedule usually includes train stop schedule,routing scheme and formation scheme.It is the basis of subway transportation.Combining the practical experience of transport organizations and the principle of the best match between transport capacity and passenger flow demand,taking the minimum value of passenger travel costs and corporation operating costs as the goal,considering the constraints of the maximum rail capacity,the minimum departure frequency and the maximum available electric multiple unit,an optimization model for city subway Y-type operation mode is constructed to determine the operation section of mainline as well as branch line and the train frequency of the Y-type operation mode.The particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm based on classification learning is used to solve the model,and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified by a practical case.The results show that the length of branch line in Y-type operation affects the cost of waiting time of passengers significantly.

Design and Simulation of Routing-switching Protocol Based on Optical Switch Array

An optical routing-switching technology based on optical switch array is proposed.The characteristics of the blocking and nonblocking networks are analyzed and compared,odd-even sorting network is used to realize optical routing-switching,relative routing-switching protocol is designed.Simulation test under load shows that it can reduce a blocking effectively and enhance an efficiency of switching.Further,it can transfer the processing and switching within parallel computer from electric domain to optical domain. It can make parallel computer coordinating computing and processing at much more higher speed, storing and transmitting even more efficiently.

Effectiveness of infliximab after adalimumab failure in Crohn's disease

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of infliximab as a second-line therapy in Crohn's disease patients after adalimumab failure. METHODS:A historical cohort study in a community-based gastroenterology practice evaluated Crohn's disease patients treated with infliximab (induction plus maintenance) after adalimumab failure. Patients were identified using a large Spanish database (ENEIDA). RESULTS:We included 15 Crohn's disease patients who received infliximab after adalimumab failure. Five patients discontinued adalimumab due to loss of response, 3 due to adverse events and 7 due to partial response. After infliximab therapy was started, all patients who had interrupted adalimumab due to loss of efficacy regained response. All patients who discontinued adalimumab due to adverse events responded to infliximab and maintained this response; one of these patients had an uneventful course on infliximab, but 2 developed adverse events. None of the 7 patients who interrupted adalimumab due to partial response reached remission with infliximab. CONCLUSION:Switching from adalimumab to infliximab may be useful in patients who develop adverse effects or loss of response, however, the benefit of infliximab in primary nonresponders was not established.

An improved SVPWM control algorithm for three-level inverter

In the traditional three-level space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)algorithm,the sector judgment is computationallycomplex since the sector is divided into triangles and hexagons.In addition,the switching frequency is high becausethe seven-segment switching sequence is adopted.For this reason,a new SVPWM control algorithm for three-level inverteris proposed,in which the sector judgment is simplified by dividing the sector into quasi hexagons?and the new four-segmentswitching sequence is adopted to reduce the switching frequency.Simulation results show that the total harmonic distortiongrows down with the switching frequency decreasing,moreover,the algorithm runtime is also decreased.

Thermal Interaction in Semiconductor Laser Arrays

A novel theoretical model of thermal diffusion has been established to study thermal interaction between two neighboring diodes in semiconductor laser arrays. The main cause of the ocurrence of the thermal interaction between two neighboring diodes in array devices is the heat conduction through heat sink. We hold that as the devices must have heat sink to diffuse heat, this kind of interaction in the array would always exist. However, when the pitch between two neighboring diodes in the array is reasonably defined, this troublesome thermal interaction can be simply reduced by using our model. Based on the individual diodes with leaky waveguide structure, we experimentally succeeded in fabricating 2D 4 ×4 arrays. The thermal interaction between upper and lower diodes in the 2D array is also considered as well as the function of the heat sink. The measured results show that the pulse peak output powor of the 2D 4 ×4 array is high up to 11 W.

Role of Metacognition in Mathematical Problem Solving Process of Permutations and Combinations--Basic Study for CAI Software Development

When solving a mathematical problem, we sometimes encounter a situation where we can not reach a correct answer in spite of acquiring knowledge and formula necessary for the solution. The reason can be attributed to the lack in metacognitive abilities. Metacognitive abilities consist of comparing the difficulty of problem with own ability, proper plan of solution process, and conscious monitoring and control of solution process. The role and importance of metacognitive ability in mathematical problem solving of permutations and combinations was explored. Participants were required to solve five practical problems related to permutations and combinations. For each problem, the solution process was divided into： （1） understanding （recognition） of mathematical problem; （2） plan of solution; （3） execution of solution. Participants were also required to rate the anticipation whether they could solve it or not, and to rate the confidence of their own answer. According to the total score of five problems, the participants were categorized into the group of the high test score and the group of the low test score. As a result, at the plan and the execution processes, statistically significant differences were detected between the high and the low score groups. As for the rating on the anticipation of result and the confidence of own answer, no significant differences were found between both groups. Moreover, the relationship between the score of plan process and the score of execution process was statistically correlated. In other words, the more proper the plan process was conducted, the more proper solution the participants reached. In such a way, the importance of metacognitive ability in the solving process, especially the plan ability, was suggested.

Fired Models of Air-gun Source and Its Application

Air-gun is an important active seismic source.With the development of the theory about air-gun array,the technique for air-gun array design becomes mature and is widely used in petroleum exploration and geophysics.In order to adapt it to different research domains,different combination and fired models are needed.At the present time,there are two fired models of air-gun source,namely,reinforced initial pulse and reinforced first bubble pulse.The fired time,space between single guns,frequency and resolution of the two models are different.This comparison can supply the basis for its extensive application.

Computational implementation of a GIS developed tool for prediction of dynamic ground movement and deformation due to underground extraction sequence

In the last century, there has been a significant development in the evaluation of methods to predict ground movement due to underground extraction. Some remarkable developments in three-dimensional computational methods have been supported in civil engineering, subsidence engineering and mining engineering practice. However, ground movement problem due to mining extraction sequence is effectively four dimensional （4D）. A rational prediction is getting more and more important for long-term underground mining planning. Hence, computer-based analytical methods that realistically simulate spatially distributed time-dependent ground movement process are needed for the reliable long-term underground mining planning to minimize the surface environmental damages. In this research, a new computational system is developed to simulate four-dimensional （4D） ground movement by combining a stochastic medium theory, Knothe time-delay model and geographic information system （GIS） technology. All the calculations are implemented by a computational program, in which the components of GIS are used to fulfill the spatial-temporal analysis model. In this paper a tight coupling strategy based on component object model of GIS technology is used to overcome the problems of complex three-dimensional extraction model and spatial data integration. Moreover, the implementation of computational of the interfaces of the developed tool is described. The GIS based developed tool is validated by two study cases. The developed computational tool and models are achieved within the GIS system so the effective and efficient calculation methodology can be obtained, so the simulation problems of 4D ground movement due to underground mining extraction sequence can be solved by implementation of the developed tool in GIS.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTICAST REPLICATION MECHANISM IN SHARED-MEMORY SWITCH WITH SPEEDUP

A multicast replication algorithm is proposed for shared memory switches. It uses a dedicated FIFO to multicast by replicating cells at receiver and the FIFO is operating with shared memory in parallel. Speedup is used to promote loss and delay performance. A new queueing analytical model is developed based on a sub-timeslot approach. The system performance in terms of cell loss and delay is analyzed and verified by simulation.

A neutral-point potential balance control strategy for three-level inverter based on VSVPWM

The topology of diode neutral-point-clamped(NPC)three-level inverter is prone to neutral-point potential offset.When the sum of three-phase current is zero,the virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM)scheme does not cause the neutral-point voltage offset,but it lacks the ability to balance the deviation.For this reason,a neutral-point potential control strategy combining virtual space vector modulation and loop width control is proposed.The neutral-point potential is balanced by introducing the distribution factor for the regions with redundant vectors.For other regions,the potential is controlled by selecting a suitable switching sequence.Meanwhile,the effect on the virtual vector modulation is reduced within the loop width by setting an appropriate loop width,thereby improving the balance effect.The simulation results show that the proposed method has a strong ability to control the offset and has excellent potential balance performance under the conditions of balanced load,unbalanced load and asymmetric capacitance parameters.