辽东半岛的石棚文化及其明珠——析木城石棚

世界考古学家多把属于新石器时代以至铜器时代、人类利用巨大的天然石块或略加修整的石块堆树起来的最古石建筑物,称为“巨石文化”.即欧洲语的“多尔门”、“门希尔”、“苦轮利亚”、“恺尔恩”.“巨石文化”,包括石棚、石碣、石圈、立石、列石、积石等各式巨石建筑.它分布的范围很广:欧洲的英国、比利时、法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、

苏格兰卡拉尼什史前巨石遗迹

1995年我曾考察过苏格兰北部奥克尼岛的布罗德加环状列石（Ring of Brodgar,Orkney）等史前遗址,在整理和介绍相关材料（详见郭大顺、杨建军《奥克尼岛的史前遗迹》）时,查阅到西欧地区有多处巨石文化遗迹,特别注意到在苏格兰西北的（刘易斯岛（Lewis）上,还有一处较为部完整的环状列石。2010年8月我利用探料亲期间去苏格兰旅游的机会,考察了这5处巨石遗址。

巨石设计师

巨石舞动在地球的各个角落，向人类的认知发起了沉默的挑战。究竟是什么样的力量促使生活在世界各地的巨石建造者，不约而同地创造出一个个奇迹的呢？让我们把目光拉回到斯通亨奇，看看在那里究竟有着怎样的秘密。

Identification of Stellaria media by PCR

Aim To provide a rapid and reliable method for identifying the fork medicine Stellaria media （Linn. ） Cyr. （Herba Stellariae mediae） （Caryophyllaceae） from its adulterant Myosoton aquaticure （L.） Fries （Herba Myosoti aquatici） （Caryophyllaceae） by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） technology. Methods A molecular genetic approach has been developed to identify S. media for the first time. 5S-rRNA spacer domain was amplified by PCR from the isolated genomic DNA, and the PCR products were then sequenced. Results The nucleotide sequences of S. media and M. aquaticum were measured to determine their identity. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequences of three Stellaria species, S. vestita, S. longifolia and S. radians, were also measured for the sake of providing the evidence of the biological phylogeny of SteUaria. Diversity between DNA sequence and restriction enzyme mapping among a variety of the species was found in their 5S-rRNA spacer domains. Conclusion The 5S-rRNA spacer domains can be used as a molecular marker for differentiating S. media from M. aquaticum and in phylogenetie studies of Stellaria.

元初诸王昔里吉的最终结局

诸王昔里吉是元初政治史上的一个重要人物.关于他的最终结局,《史集》中只描述他被流放到一个岛上,没有记载这座岛的位置和流放的具体时间.本文根据《高丽史》的相关记载,考证至元二十六年(1289)被流放到高丽人物岛的石列纥,应即昔里吉.

Ulva and Enteromorpha(Ulvaceae,Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea:analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide;they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years,which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue.We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae,Ulva and Enteromorpha,and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them.Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha(E.compressa,E.flexuosa,E.intestinalis,E.linza and E.prolifera) and three species of Ulva(U.pertusa,U.rigida and U.ohnoi).However,we found U.ohnoi,which is known as a subtropical to tropical species,at two sites on Jeju Island,Korea.Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E.compressa were also found.Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype,occurring in China,Korea and Europe,is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan.Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea,intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

Enhancing the photocatalytic activity and photostability of zinc oxide nanorod arrays via graphitic carbon mediation

Low optical absorption and photocorrosion are two crucial issues limiting the practical applications of zinc oxide(ZnO)-based photocatalysts.In this paper,we report the fabrication of graphitic-carbon-mediated ZnO nanorod arrays(NRAs)with enhanced photocatalytic activity and photostability for CO2 reduction under visible light irradiation.ZnO NRA/C-x(x=005,01,02,and 03)nanohybrids are prepared by calcining pre-synthesized ZnO NRAs with different amounts of glucose(0.05,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g)as a carbon source via a hydrothermal method.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the obtained ZnO NRA/C-x nanohybrids are imparted with the effects of both carbon doping and carbon coating,as evidenced by the detected C-O-Zn bond and the C-C,C-O and C=O bonds,respectively.While the basic structure of ZnO remains unchanged,the UV-Vis absorption spectra show increased absorbance owing to the carbon doping effect in the ZnO NRA/C-x nanohybrids.The photoluminescence(PL)intensities of ZnO NRA/C-x nanohybrids are lower than that of bare ZnO NRA,indicating that the graphitic carbon layer coated on the surface of the ZnO NRA significantly enhances the charge carrier separation and transport,which in turn enhances the photoelectrochemical property and photocatalytic activity of the ZnO NRA/C-x nanohybrids for CO2 reduction.More importantly,a long-term reaction of photocatalytic CO2 reduction demonstrates that the photostability of ZnO NRA/C-x nanohybrids is significantly increased in comparison with the bare ZnO NRA.

Chemical and molecular characterization of Hong Dangshen,a unique medicinal material for diarrhea in Hong Kong

Aim To investigate the plant origin and the identity of the red substance on the surface of Hong Dangshen, a unique medicinal material for diarrhea in Hong Kong. Methods The HPLC fingerprints and 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences of Hong Dangshen were obtained and compared with those of genuine species of Radix Codonopsis. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the red substance was analyzed and compared with that of Halloysitum fingerprints to the Codonopsis species and the highest similarity to Rubrum. Results Hong Dangshen showed very similar HPLC Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta in terms of 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the red substance was consistent with that of Halloysitum Rubrum. Conclusion The source plant of Hong Dangshen was suggested to be Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta, one of the genuine original plants of Radix Codonopsis （Dangshen） in the China Pharmacopoeia （2005 edition）. The red substance on the surface of Hong Dangshen was indicated to be Halloysitum Rubrum, a traditional medicinal mineral for chronic diarrhea. Our data suggest that Hong Dangshen is derived from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta which has been processed with Halloysitum Rubrum, and the name is suggested to be Radix Codonopsis Praeparata Halloysita Rubra.

Nitrogen Plasma Treatment Effect on Graphene Sheeted Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers

Nitrogen plasma treatment effect on GS-CNFs （graphene seeted vertically aligned carbon nanofibers） has been studied. GS-CNFs were grown on nickel coated cupper substrates by DC-plasma CVD （chemical vapor deposition） at relatively low temperature. GS-CNFs were studied by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, HR-TEM （high-resolution transmission electron microscopy）, XPS and Raman measurements. GS-CNFs are composed of cylindrical shaped having pure graphite sheets with about 5 μm length and nanometer size tips and roots diameter. Nitrogen plasma treatment causes nitrogen chemical etching on the graphene seeted carbon nanofibers were disordered its fine shape and increase the graphetization due to nitrogen incorporation.

Developing a Coherent Stratigraphic Scheme of the Albertine Graben-East, Africa

The Albertine Graben is one of the most petroliferous onshore rifts in Africa. It forms the northemmost termination of the western arm of the East African Rift System. Its surface exposures were first studied by Wayland [1] and Pickford et al. [2] among others. Pickford et al. [2] especially developed the basic stratigraphic framework of the graben which was later modified by the government geoscientists and international oil companies using subsurface data. However, the stratigraphic units were not fully and formally described, and have been used informally in different and often confusing ways. The current study therefore aims to solve this challenge by establishing a coherent stratigraphic scheme for the entire graben through an integral study of surface and subsurface data. The study involves precise description of the type and reference sections for various formations both in exposure and wells; and has therefore led to the development of lithostratigraphic columns of different basins in the graben. The approach reveals that the Semliki area, south of Lake Albert, has the most complete sedimentary succession in the graben, spanning the period from middle Miocene （ca 15 Ma） to Recent. It also reveals that platform deposits, which form a small fraction of the thickness of the basinal succession, represent a highly condensed sequence which only saw deposition at times of Lake highstand.

Fractal characteristics and its application in electromagnetic radiation signals during fracturing of coal or rock

The present study analyzed the electromagnetic radiation(EMR) time series of the destruction process of coal or rock sample under uniaxial loading and the monitoring process in working face by means of fractal geometry,and results of the correlation dimension change curve of EMR time series were obtained.In the meantime,the current study also sought the fractal characteristic to the EMR signals by contrast to the change curve of EMR signals and explored the precursory phenomenon of rock burst.This paper concluded the main findings as followed:the EMR time series of the destruction process of coal or rock sample under uniaxial loading and the monitoring process in working face corresponded to fractal;the correlation dimension of EMR time series reflected the process of coal or rock damage deformation,that is,the inner damage of coal or rock made a change from random to order.In the field application,the correlation dimension served as a new index of forecasting the coal or rock dynamic disaster.

Morphology and Molecular Identification of Ulva Forming Green Tides in Qingdao,China

Green tides are caused by the proliferation of chlorophytes under suitable hydrographic conditions.These blooms lead to environmental degradation and negatively impact the waters and seagrass beds,as well as fishing and other recreational activities in the bay.A comprehensive ecological understanding of the bloom dynamics,including the origin and persistence,is needed to foster management decisions.The algae in the great majority of green tide blooms usually belong to two genera of Ulvophyceae,Ulva and Enteromorpha.Ulva has been observed more often in recent years.In China,green tides occurred for the first time in the middle area of the Yellow Sea in 2007,and a large-scale algae blooming broke out in the middle and southern areas of the Yellow Sea in late May 2008.We identified them as Ulva prolifera by comparative analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1),5.8S and ITS2 sequences in combination with microscopic observation.Morphological differences were found between the free-floating algae and the attached thalli.Various reproduction patterns of the free-floating algae include sexual,asexual and vegetative propagations,which played important roles in the long-term green tide persistence in China.The ITS sequences of the blooming algae were identical to those of the samples from the Lianyungang sea area but were different from the attached samples from the Qingdao sea area.The results infer that the blooms are originated from other sea areas rather than from the local attached populations.

The Appearance of Ulva laetevirens(Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) in the Northeast Coast of the United States of America

Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.

Study on the chaotic behavior of mining rock seepage system

One dimensional non-steady, non-Darcy flow of water in a rock stratum was reduced into a system described by six ordinary differential equations involving five controlling parameters. Through response computations and time series analysis, chaotic behavior in the reduced system was discussed in details. Firstly, the dynamical response of the reduced system under a set of parameters was calculated, and the power spectrum of the attractor was obtained through fast Lagrangian transformation; then the phase space was reconstructed by fixing embedding dimension to be 6 and delay time to range from 1 to 20, and the correlation dimension of the attractor was calculated based on the curves under the coordinates of logarithm of correlation integral vs. logarithm of covering radius; and lastly, the Lyapunov indices of the attractor were calculated by using Gram-Schmit's orthogonalization method. The results show that the power spectrum of the attractor is continuous; the correlation dimension of the attractor is equal to 2.36; among the Lyapunov indices, LE1, LE2, LE3 are positive, LE5, LE6 are negative, and LE4 fluctuates near zero. All the analysis indicates that there may exist chaos in the system of non-steady, non-Darcy flow.

The Petrified Utopia： Monumental Propaganda, Architecture Parlante, and the Question about （De）Materialisation of Monuments

The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.

Damage Localization of Marine Risers Using Time Series of Vibration Signals

Based on dynamic response signals a damage detection algorithm is developed for marine risers. Damage detection methods based on numerous modal properties have encountered issues in the researches in offshore oil community. For example, significant increase in structure mass due to marine plant/animal growth and changes in modal properties by equipment noise are not the result of damage for riser structures. In an attempt to eliminate the need to determine modal parameters, a data-based method is developed. The implementation of the method requires that vibration data are first standardized to remove the influence of different loading conditions and the autoregressive moving average(ARMA) model is used to fit vibration response signals. In addition, a damage feature factor is introduced based on the autoregressive(AR) parameters. After that, the Euclidean distance between ARMA models is subtracted as a damage indicator for damage detection and localization and a top tensioned riser simulation model with different damage scenarios is analyzed using the proposed method with dynamic acceleration responses of a marine riser as sensor data. Finally, the influence of measured noise is analyzed. According to the damage localization results, the proposed method provides accurate damage locations of risers and is robust to overcome noise effect.

Discharge Characteristics of Micro-Needle Array Diamond Structure

CVD polycrystalline diamond surfaces were etched using reactive ion etching system with either a conventional stainless steel electrode or MgO sintered ceramic containing electrode. The micro-needle array of high aspect on diamond substrate surfaces obtained with MgO electrode was fabricated by using back-sputtering from MgO electrode. The RMS roughness of diamond substrate surfaces obtained with MgO electrode is higher than those obtained with stainless steel electrode. The secondary electron emission coefficient in Ne gas of the diamond obtained with MgO electrode was twice that obtained with the stainless steel electrode.

欧洲的神秘遗迹——巨石围栏

遍布欧洲的古代巨石遗迹共有五万余处,而位于英国西南部索尔兹巴尼平原的巨石围栏的布局和结构,更是出类拔萃,大放异彩。根据过去的调查,知道这些巨石遗迹是4000多年前建造的,但它的来由却始终是个谜。近年来,应用电子计算机进行研究才发现其中的奥妙。奇特的巨石遗迹像巨石围栏这样的巨石群体,不仅遍布英国,在法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、瑞士、波兰、德国、丹麦等国也不乏见。