国家高新区如何影响城市群创新空间结构——基于单中心-多中心视角

国家高新区是国家制度力量嵌入城市空间的重要表现形式,但其对城市群创新空间结构演化究竟起到何种作用需要检验。本文运用2003—2016年中国13个城市群面板数据,基于单中心-多中心视角测度城市群创新空间结构,采用双重差分法考察国家高新区对城市群创新空间结构的影响。研究发现:国家高新区显著推动城市群向创新多中心空间结构模式演进,且显著通过缩小城市间知识密集型服务业发展水平差距强化了这一效应。进一步研究发现,国家高新区对城市群创新多中心空间结构的影响具有显著的区域异质性。在进行一系列稳健性检验后,这些结论依然成立。本文为国家制度与城市群创新空间结构研究领域提供了新的经验证据,对基于城市群创新空间结构的国家高新区战略优化具有重要政策含义。

中国科技创新场域的空间形成与信息传播路径——以国家高新区为例

1 作为创新场域的国家高新区国家高新技术产业开发区(简称国家高新区)是我国为推动国家科技体制改革和产业发展振兴相融合而设计的科技政策特区和经济功能区,是我国吸收世界发达国家经济发展先进经验并结合中国国情进行体制设计的产物[1-2],已成为推动我国产业发展转型升级的策源地[3],也是创新场域的一种独特空间形式[4]。信息是场域内部一切要素紧密凝结的内核,链接了场域的各种关系,形成了多主体传播的信息流动路径和信息闭环的“结构性”空间。

互联网普及、知识溢出与区域创新空间演进

为促进区域创新空间结构优化与协调发展,基于2007—2018年我国30个省份有关创新数据,构建综合考虑互联网普及和知识溢出的知识生产函数,测度区域创新空间演进特征,并运用空间杜宾模型实证分析互联网普及与知识溢出对区域创新空间演进的影响。结果表明:30个省份的创新空间存在极大的非平衡性,区域差异以2012年为分界线呈现先增加后减少的倒"U"型趋势。其中:互联网普及对本地区创新产出具有显著的抑制作用;知识存量溢出对区域创新产出具有显著的正向作用,而知识质量溢出呈现相反的结果;互联网普及放大了知识溢出对区域创新产出水平的影响。研究结论对重塑我国区域创新组织形态可行路径,在互联网普及政策制定、加大知识溢出效应和充分发挥互联网与知识溢出协同等方面提供政策启示。

中国城镇非密集地区城乡发展的空间创新研究

经济全球化加剧了中国城镇非密集地区的"边缘化";城乡互动发展模式是城镇非密集地区城乡发展的理性选择;通过空间结构创新能够有效推动城乡互动发展。空间福利经济学研究空间消费形态与空间效用分配之间的关系;基于空间福利经济学的区域空间结构创新意在寻求区域空间结构的形态优化和层次提升,以实现空间公平与总体效率兼容发展。在中国城镇非密集地区城乡发展的空间创新过程中,政府的空间安排塑造区域空间结构的基本架构,企业的区位选择构成区域空间结构创新的基本推动力量。

创新型城市内部技术转移网络空间特征与影响因素——以广州市为例

城市是创新集聚和策源中心,研究城市内部技术转移的空间规律,对深入认识城市创新空间结构、优化创新空间布局及提升城市创新能级具有重要意义。本文采用创新型城市广州市街道单元之间授权发明专利转移数据,构建城市内部技术转移网络,分析其空间变化特征及影响因素。结果显示:①技术转移网络不断织密,网络等级特征明显,传递中枢路径和参与节点增加、转移规模扩大,转移路径在依赖于原有路径的同时,又在网络中形成了新的主要路径。②节点强度空间极化,呈双中心供给,单中心高强度吸收并再转移的特征。③节点等级可分为核心枢纽型、次核心枢纽型、局域核心型、边缘型及外围型五类,空间上呈现中心-外围结构、高等级节点连片分布的特征。④网络板块角色可分为净溢出和净受益两类,板块间转移呈现溢出效应主导、单向传导、梯度等级传导的特征。⑤组织邻近性、社会邻近性、技术深度差异促进城市内部技术转移网络形成。其中,社会邻近性的促进效应最强,技术深度差异的影响次之,地理邻近性具有抑制作用。随着技术宽度差异的增加,其作用影响由较弱促进转为较弱抑制。

Unfolding Evolution Strategically in Integrated Studios of Building and Design to Innovative Grasp of Design Creativity

In emergence of design, it is undoubted to be informed from nature for how things get done. But in architecture, the students are not used to start up with biological investigation. Instead of analogues, it is permitted to pursue an evolvability systematics for built emerge. The systematics relies upon the key assumptions of Kirschner who sought the characteristics of biological evolution. For an integrated design thinking of an architectural mind, this is a methodological study, which strategically adapts living forms＇ evolvability capacity to built-forms＇ structural emergence. The study outlines the evolution strategy with experimental studios of building and design. The preceding systematic is taught in distinguished courses. It is purposed to build an easy-to-apply framework for how to generate novel structures and how the spatial structure units are organized to emerge with an imagined nature as novel tectonic model. Besides, building up structural thinking into the consilience of evolution strategy, the study is also distinguished for understanding the value system of architectural mind to diagnose the genuine character of inventive built form. Strategy constructs processes. Thinking strategy concludes by the evolvability directives of studio assignments and they are given as flow-charts and project models.

中国城市创新地理研究述评与展望

城市创新地理主要研究城市创新的发生以及发展的机制与空间规律。近年来,中国城市创新地理研究取得多方面的进展:(1)在西方创业城市化、高科技城市化等概念基础上,对中国城市创新空间的产生与发展进行分析,提出了对城市现代发展与景观更具解释力的基于创新的城市化(innovation-based urbanization)等概念;(2)研究中国城市创新生态的空间规律,对不同尺度的城市创新空间如高新技术园区、创新城区等的创新生态以及中国城市创新生态独特性进行分析;(3)对传统中国城市空间结构在新知识经济时代的空间重构进行分析,发现并证实中央智力区、创新城区已在中国城市中出现,并指出"创新流"对城市空间可能产生的影响;(4)揭示中国城市创新体系的时空规律及影响因素,分析中国城市创新的联系特征;(5)结合知识经济时代城市创新创意职能,对中国城市创新职能特征和规律进行研究。然而,当今世界复杂多变,且中国各城市创新处于不同发展阶段,中国城市创新地理仍面临许多问题需要研究,如城市创新形成的机理、城市创新创业的个性特征、中央智力区的形成机制、城市创新联系与职能的研究方法等。因此,未来中国城市创新地理亟需探索多尺度的中国城市创新机理和中国城市创新生态的理论及独特性;进一步研究知识经济下城市创新空间结构及重构规律;城市创新创意职能理论及与城市规划关系,以及中国城市创新地理的研究方法和理论基础等,以建立完善的中国城市创新地理理论体系,推动中国城市创新地理学的建立与发展。

Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: An empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing

In today's world, the innovation of science and technology has become the key support for improving comprehensive national strength and changing the mode of social production and lifestyle. The country that possesses world-class scientific and technological innovation cities maximizes the attraction of global innovation factors and wins a strategic initiative in international competition. Based on the urban zip code geodatabase, an evaluation system of urban innovation with the perspective of innovation outputs, and the spatial evolutionary mode, concerning the structure of innovation space of Shanghai and Beijing from 1991 to 2014, was developed. The results of the research indicated that the zip code geodatabase provided a new perspective for studying the evolving spatial structure of urban innovation. The resulting evaluation of the spatial structure of urban innovation using the urban zip code geodatabase established by connecting random edge points, was relatively effective. The study illustrates the value of this methodology. During the study period, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated many common features: with the increase in urban space units participating in innovation year by year, the overall gap of regional innovation outputs has narrowed, and the trend towards spatial agglomeration has strengthened. The evolving spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated differences between the common features during the 25 years as well: in the trend towards the suburbanization of innovation resources, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai evolved from a single-core to a multi-core structure. A radiation effect related to traffic arteries as spatial diffusion corridors was prominent. Accordingly, a spatial correlation effect of its innovation outputs also indicated a hollowness in the city center; the spatial structure of innovation of Beijing had a single-core oriented structure all the way. Together with the tendency for innovation resources to be agglomerated in the city center, the spatial correlation effect of innovation outputs reflected the characteristics of the evolutionary feature where "rural area encircles cities". The innovation spatial structure of Shanghai and Beijing have intrinsic consistency with the spatial structure of their respective regions(Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region), which suggested that the principle of proportional and disproportional distribution of a city-scale pattern of technological and innovational activities is closely related to its regional innovation pattern.