Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social ...Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social importance. In this study, lipase production of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Aspergillus niger using cassava peel as substrate and sunflower oil as an inductor was investigated. The optimized cultivation temperature and concentration of inductor were determined using the response surface methodology. The two variables studied exercised influence in the production of lipase in the 95% level of confidence. The response surface obtained indicated that the conditions that maximize lipase activity production were 30.5 ~C and initial concentration of sunflower oil was 2.5% （w/w）. Through this analysis, it is evident that extremes in temperature and concentration of inductor tend to decrease lipase production, since low temperatures decrease metabolism and high temperatures may inactivate the lipase. Optimum lipase yield was 59.8 U/g of dry peel which was fermented for 60 h. Lipase production presents a peak of 61.3 U/g, at 72 h of fermentation. However, this value is statistically equal （p 〉 0.05） of the value of lipase activity obtained for 60 h and 84 h of fermentation.展开更多
The classical adiabatic approximation theory gives an adiabatic approximate solution to the Schr6dinger equation （SE） by choosing a single eigenstate of the Hamiltonian as the initial state. The superposition princi...The classical adiabatic approximation theory gives an adiabatic approximate solution to the Schr6dinger equation （SE） by choosing a single eigenstate of the Hamiltonian as the initial state. The superposition principle of quantum states enables us to mathematically discuss the exact solution to the SE starting from a superposition of two different eigenstates of the time-dependent Hamiltonian H（0）. Also, we can construct an approximate solution to the SE in terms of the corresponding instantaneous eigenstates of H（t）. On the other hand, any physical experiment may bring errors so that the initial state （input state） may be a superposition of different eigenstates, not just at the desired eigenstate. In this paper, we consider the generalized adiabatic evolution of a quantum system starting from a superposition of two different eigenstates of the Hamiltonian at t = 0. A generalized adiabatic approximate solution （GAAS） is constructed and an upper bound for the generalized adiabatic approximation error is given. As an application, the fidelity of the exact solution and the GAAS is estimated.展开更多
文摘Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social importance. In this study, lipase production of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Aspergillus niger using cassava peel as substrate and sunflower oil as an inductor was investigated. The optimized cultivation temperature and concentration of inductor were determined using the response surface methodology. The two variables studied exercised influence in the production of lipase in the 95% level of confidence. The response surface obtained indicated that the conditions that maximize lipase activity production were 30.5 ~C and initial concentration of sunflower oil was 2.5% （w/w）. Through this analysis, it is evident that extremes in temperature and concentration of inductor tend to decrease lipase production, since low temperatures decrease metabolism and high temperatures may inactivate the lipase. Optimum lipase yield was 59.8 U/g of dry peel which was fermented for 60 h. Lipase production presents a peak of 61.3 U/g, at 72 h of fermentation. However, this value is statistically equal （p 〉 0.05） of the value of lipase activity obtained for 60 h and 84 h of fermentation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11371012,11171197 and 11401359)the Innovation Fund Project for Graduate Program of Shaanxi Normal University(GrantNo.2013CXB012)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.GK201301007 and GK201404001)the Science Foundation of Weinan Normal University(Grant No.14YKS006)the Foundation of Mathematics Subject of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.14SXZD009)
文摘The classical adiabatic approximation theory gives an adiabatic approximate solution to the Schr6dinger equation （SE） by choosing a single eigenstate of the Hamiltonian as the initial state. The superposition principle of quantum states enables us to mathematically discuss the exact solution to the SE starting from a superposition of two different eigenstates of the time-dependent Hamiltonian H（0）. Also, we can construct an approximate solution to the SE in terms of the corresponding instantaneous eigenstates of H（t）. On the other hand, any physical experiment may bring errors so that the initial state （input state） may be a superposition of different eigenstates, not just at the desired eigenstate. In this paper, we consider the generalized adiabatic evolution of a quantum system starting from a superposition of two different eigenstates of the Hamiltonian at t = 0. A generalized adiabatic approximate solution （GAAS） is constructed and an upper bound for the generalized adiabatic approximation error is given. As an application, the fidelity of the exact solution and the GAAS is estimated.
