《孙子兵法》与先秦军事伦理思想的发展

从现存的兵书来看,《司马法》虽然成书较晚,但其中有一些"追论古者司马兵法"的内容,正体现了古代军事领域的人道主义。《孙子兵法》在理性思潮的背景下,认为军人的最大追求是"安国利主";战争中的最基本和优先的价值是"利",要"合于利而动,不合于利而止"。《孙子兵法》并不能体现古代的仁本主义,它的立场与儒家不同,是君主或者国家本位。先秦军事伦理思想的发展走了一个"U"型演进的道路,从《司马法》到《孙子兵法》是由上向下行,再由《孙子兵法》到《尉缭子》是攀爬上升,重新强调兵家道德。不应在道德上贬低《孙子兵法》,孙子不是政治家和社会理论家,军事学与伦理学也属于不同的领域,有不同的研究对象。正因为《孙子兵法》能够暂时抛开伦理的纠缠,才能创造出一个辉映千古的具有东方特色的兵学体系。

Contribution of Adventitious Roots to Water Use Strategy of Juniperus sabina in a Semiarid Area of China

duniperus sabina Linnaeus, an evergreen shrub with prostrate life form, can effectively prevent sand moving and is an important tree species for reforestation in semiarid areas of China. It has laterally distributed adventitious roots and a deeply distributed main root system. To detect water movement between the main root system and adventitious roots, we adopted heat pulse sensors using the Heat Ratio Method, a high precision method for measuring low sap flow rates. Two sensors were implanted in each individual in the stem between the main root system and adventitious roots, and another two in lateral stems distal to all the roots. Positive sap flows during nighttime, even under saturated air moisture conditions, were detected only between the main root system and adventitious roots under drought conditions, and the rate of flow increased as drought progressed and decreased or disappeared after rain events. The results demonstrated the existence of water movement from the main root system to adventitious roots, and combined with the high contribution of nighttime sap flow to transpiration （11%-16%） the results indicate that it also involves the process of hydraulic lift, a water movement from moist subsoil to dry surface soils. Integrated water use strategy between the main root system and adventitious roots via the process of hydraulic lift of soil water maximizes water acquisition efficiency from both subsoil water and water from rain pulses on the soil surface; this increases survivability in the water-limited environment of semiarid areas.

The Threat to Indonesia From the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria （IS/ISIS）： A Human Security Perspective

The democratization process in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA）, better known as the Arab Spring, led to increased instability in the region. The civil war in Syria coupled with the attacks by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria （ISIS） or later known as the Islamic State （IS） has resulted in one of the largest humanitarian crises since World War II. This security threat has spread to other regions, including Southeast Asia. Indonesia, with the biggest Moslems population in Southeast Asia, has been affected most significantly in comparison to other ASEAN member countries. ISIS has acknowledged its terrorist actions which involved suicide bomb attacks, and also claimed membership all over the archipelago. The continuing violence and resulting threats or feeling of insecurity negatively affect the lives, freedom, dignity, and development oft^e people. Not only related to political and military, the threat also affected human security, including economic, environmental, social, and other forms of harm done by the overall livelihood and wellbeing of individuals. Other threats related to the recruitment process of new ISIS member made use of conventional and social media. This arcticle aims to answer the question： ＂How has ISIS threatened human security in Indonesia？＂ Another question is： How has the Indonesian government reacted to securitize the above issues？ It concluded that the government has not comprehensively solved the issues to reduce human security threats in Indonesia

Evaluating the Spatial Uncertainty of Future Land Abandonment in a Mountain Valley(Vicdessos, Pyrenees-France): Insights from Model Parameterization and Experiments

European mountains are particularly sensitive to climatic disruptions and land use changes.The latter leads to high rates of natural reforestation over the last 50 years. Faced with the challenge of predicting possible impacts on ecosystem services,LUCC models offer new opportunities for land managers to adapt or mitigate their strategies.Assessing the spatial uncertainty of future LUCC is crucial for the definition of sustainable land use strategies. However, the sources of uncertainty may differ, including the input parameters, the model itself, and the wide range of possible futures. The aim of this paper is to propose a method to assess the probability of occurrence of future LUCC that combines the inherent uncertainty of model parameterization and the ensemble uncertainty of the future based scenarios. For this purpose, we used the Land Change Modeler tool to simulate future LUCC on a study site located in the Pyrenees Mountains(France) and two scenarios illustrating two land use strategies. The model was parameterized with the same driving factors used for its calibration. The definition of ‘static vs. dynamic' and ‘quantitative vs.qualitative(discretized)' driving factors, and their combination resulted in four parameterizations. The combination of model outcomes produced maps of the spatial uncertainty of future LUCC. This work involves adapting the definition of spatial uncertainty in the literature to future-based LUCC studies. It goes beyond the uncertainty of simulation models by integrating the uncertainty of the future to provide maps to help decision makers and land managers.

Problems of Land Use and Management in Development Zones and Enlightenment to Implementation of "Construction up to the Mountains" Strategy in Yunnan

ln the research, problems of land use and management in development zone were concluded, and analysis was made on the causes in order to draw lessons from land use and management in development zones. Furthermore, enlight-enment to implementation of ＂construction up to the mountains＂ strategy in the ar-eas similar to Yunnan was explored, which provides references for developing of＂construction up to the mountains＂ strategy and protecting of highly-qualified cultivat-ed lands in dam regions.

A Question of Identities： Jewish Italian Immigrants in New York During and After War World II

There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.

Study on National Sustainable Development Strategy Management Based on Stakeholders Management Theory

Based on the stakeholders management theory,this paper provides a new strategic management method for the National Sustainable Development Strategy.By taking China's National Sustainable Development Strategy Management as an example,this paper identifies all the stakeholders involved and then assesses stakeholders from two dimensions,namely "Importance" and "Attitude",by which all of the stakeholders are divided into six categories.On this basis,further analysis is made to work out strategic management programme by scheduling the strategic emphases,steps and management countermeasures for different types of stakeholders so as to provide theortical evidence for the practice of National Sustainable Developnent Strategy management.

Richard Jack Canada＇s Battle Painter

As a study in art history critical theory, this paper looks at the appreciation and usage of art amongst interest groups at the time of the Great War and the subsequent legacy of the work of Canada＇s resident war artist Richard Jack. The Canadian War Museum＇s recent web page described Jack＇s standing officer in The Second Battle of Ypres 22 April to 25 May 1915 as one who ＂exemplifies the courage and resolve of the inexperienced Canadians in their first major battle＂. This comment showed a marked contrast to the contemporary art critic Richard Cork who described the first of the Canadian war memorials paintings as ＂a clich6-ridden bandaged officer ... shamelessly catering to public sentiment＂. Given these disparate positions, the author attempts to explain the gulf between these points of view and subsequently make the case that art has a broad application that might make us cautious of viewing a given work without due consideration of the context of its making and future merits.

Relying on Secondary Industry to Drive National Policy and Reinvigorate China＇s Economy

China is a large, developing economy now entering the second half of the intermediate stage of industrialization. It is inadequate for China at this time to perceive industrial development as a part of its industrial strategy. Rather, industrial development should be discussed and developed using a wider lens, as part of state strategy and responding to national conditions. This paper argues that, for China to progress further, it must transition from being simply a large industrial country to being a true industrial power. The paper presents characteristics and indicators that describe the world＇s industrial powers. China should focus strategically on development via invigorating industry - this idea and its related objectives, key tasks, and policy directions make up the Industry-Invigorating-China Strategy. The author prediets that China will develop the basic qualities of an industrial power by 2020, and it will achieve full industrial power status by 2040.

Corporate Social Responsibility： An Analysis on Consumer Perception

The purpose of this paper is to consider and analyze the profile of modem consumer （careful to consequences of its purchasing decisions in terms of social, ethical and environmental aspects）, in order to identify the role of corporate social responsibility （CSR） for consumer through a study on critical, ethical and responsible purchase of food products. The problem is investigated empirically through a choice experiment method, which is a stated preference method based on a household survey, and through the analysis of the survey on consumer perception. In the food industry, the choice of goods and services requires the consumer decisions that seem to be increasingly dependent on factors not attributable only to the quality/price relationship, instead, they also involve issues directly related to ethics, environment and protection of labor. Today, companies do not limit themselves to undertake CSR, but often they choose to bring the stakeholders aware of such conduct, in an attempt to improve corporate reputation and business results. Therefore, it is to outline a synergy between companies＇ businesses and consumer＇s choice. The findings are based on data from an Italian region, and as such are not directly extendable elsewhere, although they may result to be of interest to other industrialized areas. The paper offers a comprehensive view of relationship between consumers and theme of social responsibility, and how they interface with firms （especially agri-food big companies） and their products; role that CSR plays in relation to the impact it can have on the consumption of food products from buyers; importance that the consumer gives to CSR when purchasing a food product and consumers＇ receptiveness towards sustainable strategies; knowledge degree of particular food categories; consumer willingness to purchase ethically oriented companies＇ products.

Carlo Bavagnoli＇s and Mario Dondero＇s Photojournalism in the Neorealist Italy in the Post-second World War （1950-1959）＂ An Uncensored Gaze

The article describes the activity of two Italian photographers： Carlo Bavagnoli （1932） and Mario Dondero （1928） In particular, it focuses on their debuts in the world of photojournalism in Italy since the early 1950s. First, it offers an overview of the national photographic research in the post-Second World War, underlining a significant evolution compared with the past and the complexity of the directions undertaken. Then, in the outlined context, it studies the work of the two photographers and their approach to a socially active photography, dwelling mainly on the relationships interwoven with the ruling publishing system. It also underlines the elements characterizing the nature of their reportages and the distance from an idea of image exploitation, derived from an always increasing interference of the political control over the images destined to mass communication. Both Dondero and Bavagnoli avoid any tendency to spectacularization and to the representative models typical of the common neorealist orientation, proposing an information founded on the effectiveness of narration, on the concreteness and immediacy of evidence; the first collaborations with the most progressive magazines testify the peculiarity of a method that both will coherently develop in the experiences matured outside the Italian context.

United States and France： Imprisonment and Torture From the End of WWII to the Algerian War

Mistreatment and violation of international laws are recurrent events during Second World War （WWII） and torture is a frequent method used in the Algerian War. This paper investigates the escalation of violence which, in some cases, degenerates into torture and offers a comparison between the situation of Axis Prisoners of War （1943-1946） and the imprisonment’s conditions in Algeria （1954-1962）. In spite of the temporal interval and different political contexts, in some cases there’s a strange “continuity”.

Changes in Post-World War II： Italians in Rochester, N.Y.

This article examines the major similarities and differences among Italians who migrated to Rochester, N.Y., before World War II and post-World War Ⅱ. It offers explanations on the similarities and differences among these two groups of migrants. Investigation of historical, sociological, and anthropological sources along with interviews among both populations provides abundant data bearing on the investigation. The successful completion of the research reported in this article has major bearing on the issue of migration itself, theories in history, sociology, and anthropology, and even on social psychological understanding of how choices are made and identity is formulated.

The Relevance of Nigeria＇s Freedom of Information Act （2011） to the Country＇s Anti-corruption War

This essay is centred on Nigeria＇s Freedom of Information Act, with special interest in its relevance in the country＇s anti-corruption war. The paper reiterates that the law was passed to enable the public to access certain government information, in order to ensure transparency and accountability. The FOI Act aims to make public records and information more freely available and to protect public records and information, in accordance with the public interest and protection of personal privacy. It enables citizens to hold the government accountable in the event of the misappropriation of public funds or failure to deliver public services. It also seeks to protect serving public officers against any adverse consequences from the unauthorized disclosure of certain kinds of official information, and to establish procedures for the achievement of these purposes. The Act further regulates conflicts between its provisions and those of other legislations. The paper contends that Freedom of Information is a fundamental indicator of economic development and progress, civic engagement and a properly functional democracy in every economy, describing it as a promising start in ensuring good governance and rule of law in Nigeria. The paper stresses the need for vigorous implementation of the FOI Act if the country is to make any significant breakthrough in the enthronement of good governance, transparency and accountability, adding that a strengthened FOI regime will enhance citizens＇ demand for accountability and check corruption in Nigeria.

Embedded Journalism Within the Framework of Changing Ownership Structure of the Media

Inclination of capital groups--which realize widening impact field of media-to media sector due to relationships based on interests, and relationships/dilemmata between the governing parties and the capital owners have paved the way for a unilateral media structure not hearing the voice of others/local people. It is seen that the main stream media becomes more and more under direction of capital groups. Because of the effects created by the Second World War II, also war and media relation has gain different dimensions. Together with this differentiation, a new notion was born in the field of journalism during occupation period of the lraq by the USA--Embedded Journalism This notion, called as ＂embedded journalism＂ in English can be translated as ＂yapismislik--attachment＂, ＂gomulmusluk---embeddedness＂, and ＂yamanmis-patched＂ in Turkish. In this connection, developments which have also been realized in the media economics in line with globalization process as seen all other aspects of life, changing of ownership structure in the media, and increase of concentrations, monopolization will be scrutinized in our study in addition how the fact of embedded journalism has affected the most important mission of journalism, objectivity within the framework of relations between journalism and government.

China＇s Sustainable Strategy on Waste Paper as Reusable Resources

Resource reuse and sustainability are gradually becoming hot issues nowadays. Waste paper is an important material in paper reproducing. Comparing to wood pulp, waste paper is more energy-saving and environmentally-friendly. Being a top of one paper producing country in the world, China needs a continuous large quantity of waste paper supply. Waste paper strategy＂ is being taken seriously until the ti^ding of paper manufacttlring period. This paper strives to examine the waste paper circle and the changes of waste paper resource strategy in China nowadays by doing both amount and price analysis on waste paper trade. It is found that China now strives to promote a sustainability of waste paper resource reuse by drawing down waste paper import, increasing domestic reuse and increasing import channels and categories.

Oil and Gas Resources Management and Environmental Challenges in Nigeria

Nigeria is richly endowed with crude oil and natural gas deposits, which are the country＇s main source of energy and foreign exchange earnings. These deposits are concentrated at the Niger Delta region which has attracted the presence of multinational oil/gas companies to the area. This paper analyses the impact of oil and gas development on the rich biological diversity of the region and its consequences on the development of the region and the nation at large. The paper further reviews the abject poverty of the oil/gas producing communities whose source of livelihoods, fisheries resources, agricultural soils/farmlands, forests, clean water, fresh air and housing are being destroyed due to poor energy resource management. The magnitude of destruction and frustration is reflected in unending conflict and insecurity in the region leading to many shut-in productions which pose a governance challenge as the country＇s economy and development is heavily dependent on oil and gas production.

Disclosure and Disapproval in Philip Roth＇s Works

The principle objective of this paper is to research into Philip Roth＇s uncovering and opposition to American racial discrimination, foreign wars and free love. By reading Philip Roth＇s novels concerning these aspects and referring to studies done by other scholars in these fields, after a careful and logical analysis, the writer of this paper draws a reasonable conclusion about Philip Roth＇s attitudes toward these matters. In many of his works, Philip Roth exposes and condemns racial discrimination in American society, displays and criticizes the culture of free love, unfolds American people＇s calamities caused by foreign wars and expresses his protest against foreign wars.

Challenging Stereotypes： International Accounting Students in Australia

Students come to Australia for many and varied reasons, including the possibility of immigrating to Australia on completion of studies. Some programs of study are given higher priority for immigration than others and are thus popular among those hoping to immigrate. The master of professional accounting （MPA） is perhaps the most well-known of these programs, as the majority of its students are allegedly more interested in gaining permanent residency than becoming practicing accountants. Concerns over the quality of this program, its graduates, and its impact on the reputation of Australian higher education have been expressed in the media and in scholarly journals resulting in a stereotype of international postgraduate students as being motivated by immigration and without interest in accounting or engagement in learning. However, little has been done to investigate the experiences and perceptions of the students themselves. The objective of this paper is to more closely examine the motivations and learning behaviors of MPA students in order to test the accuracy of the stereotype. A population of postgraduate accounting students from an Australian university was invited to respond to an anonymous questionnaire survey adapted from the Australian Universities Survey of Student Engagement （AUSSE） to gain an insight into student engagement with learning. The results of this paper demonstrate that motivation is not relevant to learning engagement. The authors find a cohort of students spending many hours in study and facing barriers to learning because of poor English skills. Such findings do not accord with the stereotypical portrayal of international MPA students but lead to questions about the institutional motivations, the nature of accounting education, and English language entry standards and language support.

The Strategic Importance of Cereal Virtual Water in Algeria： Report and Perspectives

In order to quantify the virtual water part which is contained in the imported cereals, compared with the hydraulic potentialities which are annually mobilised through the national territory, and on the basis of the agricultural statistics, we have determined the average quantities of the imported cereals per year in order to determine the virtual water volume that these cereals bind. The water needs of the cereals which are produced in Algeria have been calculated by the Cropwat software, in order to define the equivalent quantities of water in their production on the national scale. The obtained results confirm the importance of the annually imported virtual water, through the imported cereals, comparing with the national hydraulic potentialities. Our study shows also that in spite of the strategic importance of the virtual water in the imported cereals, a diminution has to take place, on the average term, by an improvement of the use efficiency of the precipitations （green virtual water） using the best mastery of the technical itinerary in general, and also the efficient use of precipitations in particular.