目的为促进我国药品利润在研发、生产、流通、使用4大领域的合理分布提供参考。方法通过文献检索,深入了解我国与其他国家在药品利润分布上的差别,找出我国药品利润分布存在的问题及原因,并提出改进建议。结果与结论为实现药品利润的合...目的为促进我国药品利润在研发、生产、流通、使用4大领域的合理分布提供参考。方法通过文献检索,深入了解我国与其他国家在药品利润分布上的差别,找出我国药品利润分布存在的问题及原因,并提出改进建议。结果与结论为实现药品利润的合理分布,我们应努力建造一个充分的竞争市场。如改变药品供大于求的格局,实现药品使用环节的市场化竞争,最终使药品市场各个主体力量均衡;实行B to B模式的电子商务、利用无线电频率识别(RFID)系统全面实行供应链管理以降低流通成本等措施,综合配套、整体推进,最终使公众受益。展开更多
Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical mo...Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical model is developed.The decision variables are boarding limiting and stop-skipping strategies and the objective is the maximal passenger profit.And a passenger original station choice model based on utility theory is built to modify the inbound passenger distribution among stations.Algorithm of metro passenger flow control scheme is designed,where two key technologies of stopping-station choice and headway adjustment are given and boarding limiting and train stopping-station scheme are optimized.Finally,a real case of Beijing metro is taken for example to verify validity.The results show that in the three scenarios with different ratios of normal trains to stop-skipping trains,the total limited passenger volume is the smallest and the systematic profit is the largest in scenario 3.展开更多
Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each man...Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each manufacturer can choose to sell its products either directly to the end market(online channel,say)or through the potential retail channel,based on the profit maximization criterion,which is influenced by exogenous market conditions,such as the degree of competition,etc.Furthermore,the retailer provides additional demand-enhancing service to promote the manufacturer’s products distributed via it.If only one of the manufacturers sells products through the retailer,its products will be promoted by the additional retail service,which poaches demand of products of the manufacturer who adopts direct online channel.Products of both manufacturers are supported by the retailer’s promotional service when both distribute their product through the common retailer.Finally,some managerial implications are derived from numerical analyses of our model,which explain the phenomena in practice and conclude the paper.展开更多
文摘目的为促进我国药品利润在研发、生产、流通、使用4大领域的合理分布提供参考。方法通过文献检索,深入了解我国与其他国家在药品利润分布上的差别,找出我国药品利润分布存在的问题及原因,并提出改进建议。结果与结论为实现药品利润的合理分布,我们应努力建造一个充分的竞争市场。如改变药品供大于求的格局,实现药品使用环节的市场化竞争,最终使药品市场各个主体力量均衡;实行B to B模式的电子商务、利用无线电频率识别(RFID)系统全面实行供应链管理以降低流通成本等措施,综合配套、整体推进,最终使公众受益。
基金Projects(RCS2015ZZ002,RCS2014ZT25)supported by State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control&Safety,ChinaProject(2015RC058)supported by Beijing Jiaotong University,China
文摘Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical model is developed.The decision variables are boarding limiting and stop-skipping strategies and the objective is the maximal passenger profit.And a passenger original station choice model based on utility theory is built to modify the inbound passenger distribution among stations.Algorithm of metro passenger flow control scheme is designed,where two key technologies of stopping-station choice and headway adjustment are given and boarding limiting and train stopping-station scheme are optimized.Finally,a real case of Beijing metro is taken for example to verify validity.The results show that in the three scenarios with different ratios of normal trains to stop-skipping trains,the total limited passenger volume is the smallest and the systematic profit is the largest in scenario 3.
基金partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.71090401/71090400
文摘Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each manufacturer can choose to sell its products either directly to the end market(online channel,say)or through the potential retail channel,based on the profit maximization criterion,which is influenced by exogenous market conditions,such as the degree of competition,etc.Furthermore,the retailer provides additional demand-enhancing service to promote the manufacturer’s products distributed via it.If only one of the manufacturers sells products through the retailer,its products will be promoted by the additional retail service,which poaches demand of products of the manufacturer who adopts direct online channel.Products of both manufacturers are supported by the retailer’s promotional service when both distribute their product through the common retailer.Finally,some managerial implications are derived from numerical analyses of our model,which explain the phenomena in practice and conclude the paper.
