对1950年代中国利用外资外智的历史考察

1950年代,是当代中国利用外资外智的初始阶段。由于受冷战环境的影响,使中国的利用外资外智局限于一个比较狭窄的范围,但中国政府以开放的胸襟,通过向苏联贷款、开办合资企业及争取侨汇,构成了利用外资的主要渠道;而聘请专家、引进设备和开展技术合作、利用苏联和东欧国家培养人才及争取海外人才回国是利用外智的主要形式。利用外资外智,促进了当时中国经济的恢复和发展,为中国现代化提供了一定的物质技术基础与强有力的智力支持。

新形势下民营企业发展问题探讨

民营企业的发展对中国的渐进改革与经济增长至关重要。而“入世”的现实则给仍处于幼稚阶段的中国民营企业展示了一个完全不同于以往的外部经济环境 ,其带来的挑战使民营企业压力巨大 ,其产生的机遇又让民营企业充满希望。如何正确面对挑战和机遇 ,采取正确的战略、政策 ,已成为民营企业的燃眉之急。

入世十年,宁波逐步走向开放强市

入世十年间,宁波进出口贸易规模增长超过10倍,外贸依存度从56.2%提高到接近110%;十年来,宁波累计实际利用外资占到历年总数的80%以上,对外直接投资额从1000万美元增加到11亿美元;十年时间,宁波港实现了跨越式发展,集装箱量从121万标箱飙升到超过1300万标箱。2001年12月11日,中国正式加入世界贸易组织。十年来,宁波政企联动,积极学习规则、遵守规则、运用规则,充分发挥港口物流优势、民营经济优势。

搭建科学招商平台 推动低碳经济合作——商务部投促局举行“世界创新与投资促进平台”发布会暨项目洽谈会

2009年9月10日,由中国商务部投资促进事务局主办的"世界创新与投资促进平台"发布会暨项目洽谈会在厦门国际会议中心隆重举行。会议围绕"搭建科学招商平台、推动低碳投资合作"两大主题举行项目发布活动。广东、河北、山东。

总编圈点

经济地理意义上的长江三角洲是以上海为龙头、由浙江(杭州、宁波、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、舟山6市)和江苏(南京、镇江、扬州、泰州、常州、无锡、苏州、南通8市)两省14个城市组成的复合型城市带,面积近10万平方公里,人口约8000万,是我国“外通大洋、内联腹地”的战略枢纽地区。

Multi-enzymes Production Studies in Single Tray Solid State Fermentation with Opened and Closed System

The robustness ofA. awamori and A. oryzae as enzyme producers is exploited in fungal fermentation on agricultural solid waste. High-level production of extracellular glucoamylase, protease, cellulase and xylanase has been achieved. Three different types of ＇waste＇ solids （wheat bran, soybean hulls and rapeseed meal） have been used in studies of solid state fermentation （SSF）. The enzymes could be produced in significant levels by continuously supplying oxygen （02） through the tray system known as ＂closed＂ and ＂opened＂ tray systems. A perforated tray system was developed in this study that permits direct access to 02. Testing the tray system with different perforated mesh aperture sizes in this study did not yield different results in growth performance of A. awamori and A. oryzae. A. awamori and A. oryzae can be very versatile in producing various enzymes with different substrates with different starch, protein, hemiceilulose and cellulose contents. These studies indicate that A. awamori is more suitable for the efficient production of multiple enzymes in the closed system including xylanase and cellulase, while the production of glucoamylase and protease is superior in the opened system. A. oryzae is more suitable for the efficient production of protease and cellulase in the closed system, while the production of protease is more favourable the opened system. A. awamori efficiently consumed starch in wheat bran medium and produced very high glucoamylase activity, and after that, the fungus efficiently produced other enzymes to degrade other complex nutrients such as protein, hemicellulose and cellulose. Meanwhile, A. oryzae efficiently consumed protein in rapeseed meal and produced very high protease activity. The ability of both filamentous fungi, to convert biomass through SSF bioconversion will have a great impact on food and agro-industry in every aspect of life from food and medicine to fuel.

Extracellular vesicle–based drug delivery system boosts phytochemicals’therapeutic effect for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)are a major threat to the elderly,and efficient therapy is rarely available.A group of phytochemicals has been shown to ameliorate NDs;however,poor stability,low bioavailability,and reduced drug accumulation in brain tissue limit their application in NDs.Therefore,a targeted drug delivery system is a feasible treatment strategy for NDs.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)possess many favorable bioactivities and are excellent carriers for targeting brain tissue.This review summarizes EVs as novel phytochemical carriers in ND therapy.First,we discuss the current challenges of ND therapy and the therapeutic effects of phytochemicals for NDs.Second,we highlight the ability of EVs to cross the blood-brain barrier and act as drug carriers to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs for NDs.Finally,encapsulation strategies for phytochemicals in EVs are particularly reviewed,as they are critical for obtaining high loading efficacy and stable drug delivery systems.This review provides new insights into EV-based drug delivery systems for improving the therapeutic effect of phytochemicals for ND treatment.Therefore,the release rate and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals should be well controlled to ensure the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemical-loaded EVs in the brain.

Empirical research on the relationship between real estate price fluctuation and foreign money inflow

In recent years, the real estate price has been raising with the volume of foreign money inflow increasing. The relationship between foreign money and real estate price becomes a focus. This paper studies the relationship with empirical methods. The co-integration test shows that there is a long equilibrium between real estate price rising and foreign money inflow. The analysis of ECM shows that foreign money inflow as to real estate price rising is less important than real estate price rising as to foreign money inflow. And Granger test also shows that foreign money inflow is not the cause of real estate price rising, on the contrary, real estate price rising causes foreign money flowing in.

Effects of Using Exogenous Digestive Enzymes or Natural Enhancer Mixture on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Body Composition of Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

This study was conducted to study the effects of a commercial exogenous digestive enzymes （EDE） containing cellulases, xylanases, u-amylase and proteases from anaerobic bacterium and natural enhancer mixture （NEM） containing allicin, high unit hydrolytic enzyme, Bacillus subtilis spores and ginseng extracts on survival, growth, carcass composition and feed cost/benefit in rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. Nine net cages （100 cm × 100 cm × 40 cm; L ×W ×H） were stocked with 10 juvenile rabbitfish （1.1 g per fish） each and placed in a large rectangular tank and offered feed at 4% body weight daily. Three replicates per treatment were offered three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control and two supplemented diets with EDE or NEM at 2 g/kg diet for 74 days. Fish in all cages were weighed at two-week intervals and feed regimen was adjusted accordingly. Rabbitfish offered the control diet exhibited lower growth significantly （P 〈 0.05） and feed utilization than the other two experimental treatments. Experimental diet supplemented with NEM recorded the highest growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization and energy retention significantly （P 〈 0.05） than the other two tested groups. Carcass composition and somatic parameters index was not affected by dietary EDE or NEM inclusion. Ultimately, when all variables are considered, EDE and NEM inclusion to diets appears to reduce feed cost per unit growth of rabbitfish.

Natural frequency characteristics of thin-walled homogeneous and manifold layered cylindrical shells under pressure using energy method

Energy method for the vibration of two types of cylindrical shells,namely thin-walled homogeneous isotropic and manifold layered isotropic cylindrical shells under uniform external lateral pressure is presented.The study is carried out based on strain-displacement relationship from Love's shell theory with beam functions as axial modal function.A manifold layered cylindrical shell configuration is formed by three layers of isotropic material where the inner and outer layers are stainless steel and the middle layer is aluminum.The homogeneous cylindrical shell is made-up of isotropic one layer with stainless steel.The governing equations with uniform external lateral pressure for homogeneous isotropic and manifold layered isotropic cylindrical shells are obtained using energy functional by the Lagrangian function with Rayleigh-Ritz method.The boundary conditions that are presented at the end conditions of the cylindrical shell are simply supported-simply supported,clamped-clamped and free-free.The influences of uniform external lateral pressure and symmetrical boundary conditions on the natural frequency characteristics for both homogeneous and manifold layered isotropic cylindrical shells are examined.For all boundary conditions considered,the natural frequency of both cylindrical shells with symmetric uniform lateral pressure increases as h/R ratio increases and those considering natural frequency of the both cylindrical shells with symmetric uniform lateral pressure decrease as L/R ratio increases.

Synthesis of N,N-diethyl dodecyl amine and its flotation properties on bauxite

N, N-diethyl dodecyl amine（DEN12） was synthesized from dodecyl amine, formic acid and acetic aldehyde. The collecting property of DENI2 on diaspore, kaolinite and illite was investigated by flotation test and infrared spectrum. The results show that in the presence of 2.0× 10^-4 mol/L DEN12, the recoveries of kaolinite and illite are all higher than 78% and the recovery of diaspore is 50% in the pH range of 5.5-6.0. The mass ratio of A1203 to SiO2 in concentrate obtained from separation artificial mixture is higher than 10, suggesting that DEN12 can be used as a collector to separate the aluminosilicates from diaspore in bauxite ores at the pulp pH below 8. The measurements of the infrared spectrum approve that the action between aluminosilicates and tertiary amine collector is strong electrostatic adsorption and that of diaspore is weak electrostatic adsorption.

Effect of Agricultural Use of the Mixture Phosphogypsum/Natural Phosphate on the Dynamics of Phosphor in Soil and the Plant

The industrial production of the phosphoric acid is important and makes itself in a big number of countries. The by-product descended of this industry, residuary gypsum called phosphogypsum, poses a major environmental problem. The aim of this work is to identify and to value the potentialities of valorization of the by-product phosphogypsum produce in Morocco, for a use in the domain of agriculture. They can contain 1% to 6% of free acids. The idea is to use this acid to partially solubilize natural phosphate and to make the final product richer in phosphorus （about I0% of total P205 half soluble） and therefore more attractive on the agronomic and economic plan. For mixtures phosphogypsum/natural phosphate, a study of clarification is necessary, by varying the proportions of products, the humidities, mixing techniques, the ripening time to achieve a final interesting product. The dynamics of the phosphor in soil has been measured by the Olsen method and the one in the plant has been measured after drying in the steamroom to a temperature of 70 ~C to 75 ~C during 72 hours. A trial hold is incinerated. The ashes are taken by acid hydrochloric extract and the phosphor is measured out with the help of an UV spectrometer to 430 nm. The pH has been followed with the help of a pH-meter. The phosphor presents a remarkable dynamics in mixture with the phosphogypsum.

我国西部地区引入石油美元的思考

长期以来,受国际原油价格大幅上升的影响,中东石油出口国聚集了巨额石油美元资金;而近年来,石油美元的流向也逐渐从欧美金融市场逐渐向新兴市场国家特别是亚太地区倾斜。在石油美元规模不断累积和投资流向逐步转变之时,作为全球第二大经济体的中国无疑已成为对石油美元极富吸引力的投资市场;与此同时,当前我国西部地区经济快速发展对高质量和战略性的资金需求强烈,在这种情况下,引入石油美元对于我国深入推进西部开发的战略具有十分积极的意义。

广蕴通达 乌洽会十九年

每年九月初,是新疆最丰饶最美丽的季节,乌鲁木齐对外经济贸易洽谈会都会如期举行。作为国内四大进出口贸易展会之一,乌洽会由国家商务部、中国贸促会和新疆维吾尔自治区政府共同主办,是我国主要面向中亚、西亚、南亚和俄罗斯、东欧国家的国家级投资贸易综合性的展会,已成功举办十九届。

瑞昌 聚力沿江开发 加快发展升级

在省委省政府和九江市委市政府的正确领导下,瑞昌牢牢抓住长江经济带建设和"双核"发展的重大战略机遇,紧紧围绕建成鄱阳湖生态经济区中等城市的发展定位,加快推进沿江大开发、城市大建设,实现了经济社会持续健康发展。2013年,完成地区生产总值126亿元,增长12.1%;完成财政收入20.69亿元,增长23.1%;

Insulin sources and types: a review of insulin in terms of its mode on diabetes mellitus

Insulin is involved in regulation of glucose utilization in the body. Inability of the body to synthesize insulin or human cells resistance to insulin leads to a condition called Diabetes mellitus which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. There are two types of diabetes; type 1 and type 2. Exogenous supply of insulin is needed consistently for type 1diabetes treatment and type 2 diabetes also needs to be cured by the exogenous supply of insulin in advance stages of the disease. These sources have been proved very useful to meet the needs of the patients. However, these insulin types are expensive for the large population of patients in the developing countries. Furthermore, the incidence of diabetes is advancing at an alarming rate. Hence production systems with even higher capabilities of production are desired. Therefore, currently plants are being investigated as alternative production systems. Based on the mode of action of insulin various formulations of insulin have been developed that have different onset of action, peak effect and duration of action according to the needs of the patients.

Thermally-assisted photodegradation of lignin by TiO_2/H_2O_2 under visible/near-infrared light irradiation

As a bio-recalcitrant organic pollutant in paper mill effluent, lignin is generally removed by an advanced oxidation process, such as a TiO2/H2O2 photocatalytic technique under irradiation with ultraviolet light, which only accounts for less than 5% of sunlight. Herein, we reported a TiO2/H2O2-based thermally-assisted photocatalytic process that allows lignin to be efficiently degraded under visible/near-infrared light at an elevated temperature. Adsorption of H2O2 on TiO2 nanoparticles and an increase of temperature facilitate the production and separation of charge carriers under near-infrared and visible light irradiation, accelerate carrier transfer at the TiO2-electrolyte interface and promote the production of hydroxyl radicals, A higher level of H2O2 addition results in an increased degradation rate of lignin,while the optimal temperature for the thermally-assisted photodegradation of lignin is 70℃. A charge carrier excitation and transfer process was proposed for the TiO2/H2O2, thermally-assisted photocatalytic process. This work describes a new method for the photodegradation of organic pollutants,such as residual lignin in paper mill effluent, using wide band gap semiconductors under visible and near-infrared light irradiation.

In-situ production of ozone and ultraviolet light using a barrier discharge reactor for wastewater treatment

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor consisting of water-filled dielectric tube electrodes was used for the treatment of wastewater. The inner dielectric tube, which acted as the discharging electrode, was filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution. The outer dielectric tube, which served as the other electrode, was in contact with the wastewater, which was grounded. The present reactor system was energy-efficient for the production of ozone, not only because the perfect contact between the aqueous electrode and the dielectric surface minimized the loss of the electrical energy, but also because the DBD reactor was cooled by the wastewater. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV) light produced in the DBD reactor was able to assist in the wastewater treatment since the quartz tube used as the dielectric material was UV-transparent. The performance of the present DBD system was evaluated using a synthetic wastewater formed from distilled water and an azo dye, amaranth. The experimental parameters were the concentration of the electrolyte in the aqueous electrode, the discharge power, the initial pH of the wastewater and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide added to the wastewater. The wastewater treatment system was found to be effective for achieving decomposition of the dye.

In situ surface-doped PtNiCoRh nanocrystals promote electrooxidation of C_(1) fuels

Heteroatom-doped Pt-based nanocrystals have generated considerable interest and hold great prospects in heterocatalysis. However, engineering the superficial atomic configurations of these nanocrystals via in situ surface doping remains exceedingly challenging. Herein, we propose a onepot, in situ surface doping chemical synthesis protocol to prepare quatermetallic Pt Ni Co Rh dendritic nanocrystals as versatile and active catalysts for the electrooxidation of C_(1) fuels. Leveraging the selective coordination effect between ascorbic acid and Rh^(3+)ions, the doping of trace Rh atoms can be guided specifically at the near-surface of Pt Ni Co Rh nanocatalysts. Electrocatalytic tests indicate that Pt_(67)Ni_(16)Co_(16)Rh_(1) nanocrystals with in situ trace Rh-doped surface exhibit substantially enhanced activity, durability, and CO tolerance for the electrooxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides molecular-level insight into the exceptional performance of these nanocatalysts. The surface incorporation of anticorrosive Rh atoms enables the transfer of CO intermediates from the atop Pt sites to the bridged Rh–Pt surface sites,thereby facilitating the elimination of these poisoning species from the catalyst surface. This study presents an effective in situ surface doping strategy which can enable the design of more atom-economic heterocatalysts.

Sheltered Initiation Language Learning： Introduction and Initial Validation of its Application in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language （TCFL） has become a prevalent phenomenon around the world in recent years. Current TCFL pedagogies are influenced by Teaching English as a Second/Foreign Language （TESL/TEFL） so much that many traditional TESL/TEFL pedagogies such as the Grammar-Translation approach and the Audio-Lingual approach dominate current Chinese classes. This article provides an introduction and an initial validation of a newly developed pedagogy, Sheltered Initiation Language Learning （SILL）, and its recent application in TCFL in San Diego, California. Compared with traditional ESL/EFL pedagogies which have been criticized for the neglect of the learner＇s communicative development, SILL is innovative for its emphasis on authentic and spontaneous speech, modified input as well as asymmetric teaching sequencing. With these factors, SILL is designed to promote students＇ oral language skills for communicating effectively in concrete situations. The initial validation of SILL suggests that despite several fallacies in classroom activity designs, SILL is a successful pedagogy welcomed by both teachers and students. Based on these discussions, the article proposes that SILL has the potential to be an effective pedagogy for Chinese Oral Language Teaching.