不同学者与文化视域下的利益概念梳理和解析

利益问题不仅与我们日常生活息息相关的切身实际问题,而且值得深入关注探讨的哲学理论问题。确定利益概念是研究利益问题的理论基石。由此要深刻地明白利益问题,就必须确定利益概念,将有利于当代中国构建公平、正义、合理的利益秩序提供根本遵循和科学指导。本文通过详细阐释东西方学者对“利益”一词的见解及马克思恩格斯对利益论述的基础上,从而得出利益概念。

利益概念的语言形式分析

利益概念是在描述实践和事实之前,从分析者方面建立的认知意义上的简约框架。分析利益概念不可避免地会遇到外在世界和内在世界的整体性和可能性的问题,这将使把内外世界的全部或部分作为利益概念的内容的努力流于失败。这样,利益就回溯到认识领域,成为分析人文社会科学的对象之前由此出发的视角。利益概念虽然无法从其内容角度加以界定,但是可以将追寻利益内容的任务交给构成利益概念的诸语素。唯有如此,构成利益概念的这些语素和它们之间的潜在逻辑环节才能够展现出来。从这个意义上说,利益概念的语言形式可以表述为“具体个人在特定环境下作用于对象并形成的结果”。利益概念这样的语言形式使它获得了相当于语言学中陈述句的地位,覆盖了人文社会科学的事实对象,并为从利益角度分析经济政治等社会现象奠定了方法论基础。

基于马克思利益概念视域的邓小平南巡讲话实质探索

财富分配成了我国当前社会热点,而财富创造根源却被悬搁起来。马克思的利益概念认为,财富的利益是劳动创造的。邓小平南巡讲话的实质是把发展生产力看作社会主义本质要求,大胆提出了体制机制的改革与创新,为我国市场经济体制的建立提供了理论依据。因此,劳动、生产力作为利益的原因比利益、财富本身和财富的分配是更为重要的东西。所以,科学发展才是硬道理,决不可以只关心社会财富分配,而削弱社会发展的动力。市场经济是利益经济。只有坚持和完善社会主义市场经济体制,才能真正激发每一个劳动者的活力,建构一个利益格局合理的和谐社会。

对和谐社会的利益概念的马克思主义解读

利益概念是和谐社会的核心概念。当代我国对利益概念的种种理解,虽然都有一些合理性,但只要与和谐社会的构建相联系,它们就都包含了一定的矛盾与问题。按照实践的唯物主义方法论,对利益必须通过劳动来理解。利益包括两个含义,即由对象化劳动创造的物质利益与由异化劳动创造的交换关系。这两种不同的利益虽然在我国当代是统一的,但它们之间又有重大差别。正确把握马克思主义利益概念的科学内涵,对于我国和谐社会的制度政策设置具有重要价值。

唯利主义·非利主义·利益人

科学的利益概念是利益观念分析的基础。唯利主义和非利主义是现实存在的各种错误利益观念的极端表现和理论抽象,二者之间存在着辩证的联系。利益人的正当性可以从人类本性、常识和思想史三个层面同时得到体现。唯利主义和非利主义对利益作用“过”与“不及”的认识,是利益人的正当性被忽视的主要表现。由此得出来的一个现实结论就是,要大力培育出合理的利益人群体。

海上保险的保险利益相关问题研究

文章以海上保险合同的保险利益原则及其相关问题为主线,以我国现行的保险法和海商法为依据,采用比较法学研究方法联系国外立法,对我国海上保险中保险利益的确定和适用上存在的相关问题进行了研究和分析。

Understanding Reputational Crisis： Evidence From the European Banking Sector

This paper presents a comparative qualitative analysis of reputational crisis of four European banks, and explores how in recent years these companies have faced the manifestation of reputational risk. To achieve this, the research follows three related steps： （1） to carry out a review of the literature on reputational risk in the banking sector aimed to identify the relationships between causes, effects, stakeholders, and key qualitative-quantitative variables involved during the reputational crisis of a bank; （2） to propose a conceptual framework for management of reputational risk （and reputational crisis） in banking; （3） to test this framework with the results of an empirical analysis, carried out through the observation of key variables of some reputational crisis of intemational banks. The main results show that： （1） the banks are not yet prepared to accurately manage a reputational crisis or to prevent them; （2） the reputational crisis is determined by several internal and external factors; （3） the conduct of the managers and the corporate communication are very important to overcome a reputational crisis. Finally, this research provides indications that will help banks to better manage their corporate reputation and prevent reputational crisis.

Concept of Integrated Waste Management as Recoverable Resources in Product Cycle

This paper presents a conceptual framework of integrated waste management which focuses on all stages of product life cycle. A mechanism of resource recovery motivating from waste in economic system （designers, producers, consumers, stakeholders in the field of disposal of the product） is suggested. The classification of institutional and economic instruments in the field of waste management as recoverable resources is developed. The author has proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the formation of an integrated waste management as recoverable resources, which is based on a set of methods of economic incentives at all stages of product life cycle and ensures the maximum possible and the environmentally safe management of wastes containing valuable resource components.

Kuhnian Understanding of Incommensurability and Implications of Paradigmatic Conception of Knowledge in International Relations

In international relations theory （maybe more than in any other discipline of social sciences）, the paradigmatic construction of Thomas Kuhn and his model of incommensurability might be applied to the theoretical interpretation of phenomena; and it is one of the cornerstones of the methodological toolkit for the interpretation in this field. The paper explores the reason why Kuhn＇s understanding of incommensurability seems to be necessary for the conception of knowledge in international relations： the concept of incommensurability can be considered typical as it is meant to indicate a conflict, of one form or another, between theories. And the discipline of international relations is more than a perfect ground for considering this concept when one is having in mind the high degree of polarized debate among rivalry theoretical schools （for interpreting and describing the identical phenomena） that is present from the very beginning of the discipline. Recalling the Kuhnian conception of science in paradigmatic view with an aim for understanding--international relations theory, the paper analyzes furthermore his rejection of the traditional dichotomy between “objectivisn”and ＂subjectivism.＂

Legal Value of the Demand Overflow Theory

So many legal issues can be handled in public interest method. As some commentators have pointed out, the public interest is an ancient and new topic. It＇s a highly abstract prone to ambiguities and shortcomings of the concept. And it＇s also a basket that strange, confused and can not be discarded. Even critics simply deny the existence of public interest and regard the public interest as a myth. As it＇s difficult to define the public interest from political perspective, a democratic theory, legal perspective a theory of law, economic perspective a public choice theory, philosophical perspective a public philosophy, and other common perspective. The paper explores the law theory of public interest from the framework of the overflow theory and the perspective of the concept function, and provides an easy to use identification method of public interest for the judicial practice and administrative practices.

《民法典》第1018条(肖像权内容)评注

关于肖像权的对象,我国内地地区的通说把它界定为肖像利益。然则,肖像权上固然存在肖像利益,但利益能否作为权利对象取决于权利对象的概念本身,即肖像利益能否起到识别肖像权的功能。显然,无所不包的利益概念难当其任。而在通说之外。