秋景、别事、愁情——论王实甫《西厢记·长亭送别》中的意境美

《西厢记·长亭送别》通过提炼典型意象，描摹人物心理和综合运用多种修辞手法．熔铸成了以秋景、别事、愁情为基础的意境美．达到了王国维提出的“写情则沁人心脾，写景则在人耳目，述事则如其口出”之标准，千百年来打动了无数有情人。

“者”字的词义和用法

最近高考中考的语文试题中,经常出有关＂者＂字的题目。＂者＂分段字在汉语中,出现较早,《诗经》《左传》里就多有出现。汉代的《说文》把它列为白部,说它是别事词也。而后来的字书,则多把它列为＂老＂部。梁代字书《玉篇》,说它是语气词。由＂白＂＂老＂的两个义符推断,它的原始实词的词义应该是与老人长了白头发有关。但在古文献上,我们没有看到,而只看到它是代词和虚词。它的用法不外乎两种。

Hazard identification for equipment-related fatal incidents in the U.S.underground coal mining

Based on the number of fatalities per year, a persistent area of concern in mine safety continues to be equipment related. Data from the period 1995 through 2007 were studied in order to identify major hazards for underground mining equipment-related fatal incidents and to perform an analysis of those that occurred over the last 13 years. Reports on equipment-related fatal incidents were obtained from the Mine Safety and Health Administration （MSHA）. The results show that underground mining equipment including continuous miner, shuttle car, roof bolter, load-haul-dump （LHD）, Iongwall and hoisting contributed to a total of 69 mining-related fatalities. The study reveals that the major hazard for continuous mining equipment-related fatal incidents is ＂Failure of victim to respect equipment working area＂, while the highest number of fatalities for shuttle car is attributed to the hazard ＂Failure of mechanical components.＂ The study further reveals that the highest number of fatalities for roof bolter, LHD, and Iongwall are attributed to the hazards ＂Working under unsupported roof＂, ＂Failure of management to provide safe working conditions＂, and ＂Failure of mechanical components＂, respectively. It is determined that one fatality for the hoisting system is attributed to the hazard ＂Failure of mechanical components＂ and one to the hazard ＂Failure to follow safe maintenance procedure＂. Finally, approaches to prevention were also discussed in this paper.

Identification of voltage sag source location using S and TT transformed disturbance power

An alternative method was introduced for voltage sag source location based on S and TT transformed disturbance powers. It is done to avoid the wrong and inconclusive detection of conventional disturbance power method proposed in the literature. Unlike in the case of the traditional method, the proposed method first transforms the recorded voltage and current during the sag event to some special features before calculating the new version of disturbance powers. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified through simulation and actual data from an industrial power system. The results show that the presented method can correctly detect the location of voltage sag source.

Progress billing method of accounting for long-term construction contracts

This article questions the reliability of the amount of revenue recognized in the percentage of completion （POC） method of revenue recognition in construction industry and recommends a new method based on the progress billing which is more reliable. The most commonly used method of revenue recognition in the construction industry is the percentage of completion method （POC）, where the revenue is recognized on the basis of the percentage of work completed. The calculation of percentage of work completed is made on the basis of the cost incurred for the contract work during the financial period and the cost required for completion of the work as estimated by the contractor. Here, the acceptance of the product by the buyer （contractee） is not involved in recognizing the revenue. The reliability of the amount of revenue and its collectability can be assured only when the buyer accepts the product. The approval of the progress bill by the contractee is needed to assure the reliability and collectability and it must be the event that triggers the recognition of revenue.

Spectrum Deviation Method of Identification of Foreshocks or Generalized Foreshocks and Its Applications

Based on previous research work,we present a spectrum deviation method to recognize a foreshock or generalized foreshock in this paper. The criterion to determine whether an event is a foreshock is a wide spectrum for an ordinary event,however,a moderate earthquake with foreshock or generalized foreshock has the characteristics of a narrow frequency band,and it deviates to the low frequency. It may be explained by metastable extension in the rupture source or related area of the main shock or regional fragmentation damage and crack nucleation process. The calculation results of two foreshocks,the M_S4. 7 event which occurred before the Yushu M_S7. 1 earthquake on April 14,2010 and the M_S5. 3 event which occurred before the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake on February 12,2014,show that the spectra of foreshocks shift,and they are quite different from the nonforeshock seismic spectrum of equivalent size. Therefore,this result can verify the validity of the spectrum deviation method.

AN HMM BASED ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR SEMANTIC VIDEO EVENTS

Semantic video analysis plays an important role in the field of machine intelligence and pattern recognition. In this paper, based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM), a semantic recognition framework on compressed videos is proposed to analyze the video events according to six low-level features. After the detailed analysis of video events, the pattern of global motion and five features in foreground—the principal parts of videos, are employed as the observations of the Hidden Markov Model to classify events in videos. The applications of the proposed framework in some video event detections demonstrate the promising success of the proposed framework on semantic video analysis.

Video Events Recognition by Scene and Group Context

The ability to recognise video events has become increasingly more popular owing to its extensive practical applications.Most events will occur in certain scene with certain people,and the scene context and group context provide important information for event recognition.In this paper,we present an algorithm to recognise video events in different scenes in which there are multiple agents.First,we recognise events for each agent based on Stochastic Context Sensitive Grammar(SCSG).Then we propose the model of a scene in order to infer the scene in which the events occur,and we use a co-occurrence matrix of events to represent the group context.Finally,the scene and group context are exploited to distinguish events having similar structures.Experimental results show that by adding the scene and group context,the performance of events recognition can be significantly improved.

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Regional Extreme Low Temperature Events in China during 1960-2009

An objective identification technique is used to detect regional extreme low temperature events （RELTE） in China during 1960-2009. Their spatial-temporal characteristics are analyzed. The results indicate that the lowest temperatures of RELTE, together with the frequency distribution of the geometric latitude center, exhibit a double-peak feature. The RELTE frequently happen near the geometric area of 30°N and 42°N before the mid-1980s, but shifted afterwards to 30°N. During 1960-2009, the frequency~ intensity, and the maximum impacted area of RELTE show overall decreasing trends. Due to the contribution of RELTE, with long duratioh and large spatial range, which account for 10% of the total RELTE, there is a significant turning point in the late 1980s. A change to a much more steady state after the late 1990s is identified. In addition, the integrated indices of RELTE are classified and analyzed.

Studies on Adding MES Identification Code in AIS Information

This article puts forth suggestion that the ship Inmarsat identification code be added to the data structure of A and B class ship equipment of AIS for the prompt and effective communication with ships in distress and those around via Inmarsat in the process of search and rescue through MRCC （Maritime Rescue Coordination Center）.

Analysis on relation between safety input and accidents

The number of safety input directly determines the level of safety, and there exists dialectical and unified relations between safety input and accidents. Based on the field investigation and reliable data, this paper deeply studied the dialectical relationship between safety input and accidents, and acquired the conclusions. The security situation of the coal enterprises was related to the security input rate, being effected little by the security input scale, and build the relationship model between safety input and accidents on this basis, that is the accident model.

A Comparative Analysis of English and Chinese News on MH370 Accident from the Appraisal Perspective

Appraisal Theory is a further development of interpersonal function in systemic functional linguistics. Based on the subsystem-attitude system in Appraisal Theory, an attempt is made to conduct a comparative analysis of attitudinal resources in English and Chinese news on MH370 accident. Meanwhile, certain attitudes or stances conveyed by the authors of these news will be revealed through some typical examples. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are adopted in the present study to make a statistical and interpretive analysis of the collected materials. It is found that both English and Chinese news contain many attitudinal resources. There are similarities and differences concerning the distribution of attitudinal resources between English and Chinese news. The findings suggest that though news is expected to be objective and factual, it may imply the authors＇ subjective attitudes to some extent. So readers should get hang of the different opinions and stances hidden behind different news reporting so as to improve abilities to appreciate and differentiate different news.

Gender, Poverty and Climate Change in Nigeria

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of climate change on gender and poverty in Nigeria. The paper relies mainly on secondary data generated by private individuals, government and non-government bodies. From these sources, the paper reveals that climate change has resulted in higher temperature increase frequency on extreme weather events in the country, such as storms or record drought resulting in the dislocation of agricultural areas and its consequence food shortage. Women are the hardest hit because they produce food and do not have control over land to make most communities vulnerable to flooding as seen in Lokoja, Bauchi and Kaduna among others in Nigeria. Flooding has increased the frequency of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, etc.. Women who clean the mess left behind after the flood are mostly affected. It is also revealed that climate change has resulted in great economic losses, with most of the losses to be in agricultural production, the engine of growth and the mainstay of the economy. Finally, the paper suggests measures such as reduction in deforestation by provision of alternative source of energy and environmental friendly industrial activities will help reduce the rate of discharge of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere.

New era writers： aesthetic choices and the generation gap

Since the 1990s, the generation gap among three important groups of writers born in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s has become ever more evident. Not only do they show a tendency toward the weakening of grand narrative and sense of responsibility and the strengthening of individual aspirations, they also show different aesthetic traits in terms of narrative form. Some advocate a realist style, while others pursue modernist techniques or are enamored of fragmentary details. At the same time, each generation projects its own aesthetic ideas. From the viewpoint of cultural anthropology, this kind Of generation gap essentially implies the effect of the latent protocols of different historical-cultural contexts and memories of growing up on the human spirit. Although the generation gap is an expression of a plural cultural scene, the question of how to strengthen intellectual interaction between different generations of writers and effectively overcome the limitations of each generation remains an important aspect of the promotion of the healthy development of modern Chinese literature.

Injuries in the Greek epics of Homer

Trauma and the need of medical care exist since the beginning of human history. This research is aimed to identify and analyze trauma in antiquity. After a review of bibliography, the first reports of trauma （in Europe） were found in the Greek Epics of Homer. The analysis of these texts showed that injury could be caused to any part of the human body. The main cause of trauma was primarily participation in wars （178 cases）, and then participation in sports （6 cases） and other activities （6 cases）. This study identified a total of 190 injuries in both Homer epics. The more serious injuries, many of which proved fatal, were observed from participation in military activities.