超越“诺斯悖论”:从制度性能到治理效能——以宅改为研究对象

制度过程视角下的"诺斯悖论",既是制度困境,也是治理困境,化解悖论实质是制度优势发挥和治理效能提升的过程。鉴于国家公共利益代表者和理性"经济人"双重身份的内在张力,由国家发起的以促进公共利益最大化的宅基地制度改革,因作为国家代理人的地方政府对自身利益最大化的追求,体现为"利己"的规则制定以及实践层面的强制退地、与民争利等行为,不仅影响长期实践形成的制度优势,也抑制了制度治理效能的发挥。试点地区采取的调整改革目标、创新制度设计、完善主体结构以及规范制度过程等系列探索实践,使得制度整体性能显著提升。加之"四个治理"对制度优势的回应,制度蕴含的守住耕地、留住居民、稳定社会的治理效能得以发挥。个案经验表明,化解因政府角色张力造成的制度及治理困境,其关键在于将制度优势转化为制度性能,强化制度治理,以制度性能与治理实践的有机结合实现对"诺斯悖论"的超越。

国家制度优势转化为治理效能的制度执行力考察

制度优势如何有效转化为治理效能,需要关注制度势能、制度性能与制度执行力之间的变量关系。制度优势体现为一种制度势能,需借助制度执行力转化为制度性能,而制度性能作为中介变量并不能自主和自动发挥作用,也需要制度执行力的推动从而转化为治理效能,因此,制度执行力是实现制度势能转化为制度性能、制度性能转化为治理效能的关键变量。推动制度优势转化为治理效能,应把握制度执行力的内在机理,不断丰富和完善制度设计,以制度优势凸显制度性能;以制度执行力推动制度优势实现制度性能;以制度执行的规范性、协同性和创新性的衔接,实现制度性能转化为治理效能。

日本住宅性能保证制度

日本住宅性能保证制度姚国华住宅与一般商品相比，价格很高，因此要使消费者对所购住宅真正放心，即：质量和性能都较好，而且在竣工后即使出现故障、缺陷，也有完善的维修制度，以确保其质量和性能。为提供无缺陷、高质量、高性能的住宅，有必要更加严格地进行住宅的质量...

基层治理中的基础性权力:制度本质及其实现机制--基于城市管理执法的多案例研究

城市管理中的执法规范化体现着执法能力的制度化,是国家治理能力现代化的内在要求。迈克尔·曼将国家基础性权力视为国家的制度性能力,它表明国家能够获取社会支持并通过既定制度来实施政策和协调社会,因而无需依赖专断性暴力实现国家意志。我国城市基层执法中的国家与社会互动实践表明,执法组织通过构建权威、引导合作、促进合法化、凝聚共识等多种机制促进国家与公众合作,使执法者以一种赢得社会支持与自愿服从的方式完成执法任务,从而塑造着基层治理中的基础性权力。但上述机制也分别受到政策变动、维稳思维、制度资源不足和利益冲突等多方面约束而难以保持长效,这些约束对基层国家的制度化治理能力形成挑战,因而可能抑制基础性权力的增长。长远来看,一个自主的理性化行政体系和一个共识的合作性社会,分别在科层维度和社会维度上为基础性权力的生长提供必要推动力。

大学学术权力制度建构的新制度主义分析

大学学术权力的制度构建兼有组织变革和制度重建的双重属性,因而适宜于用组织新制度学派的相关理论来分析。结合我国大学的实际,文章认为学术权力的制度构建应采取需求牵引和供给推动相结合的行动战略,充分发挥国家、学者、协会、其他精英与社会运动等各类制度性能动者的支持作用,从整合制度的符号性要素、相应的组织活动与物质资源等层面协同行动,以期形成制度合力。

统一大市场下基于有为政府与有效市场视角的汽车排放性能维护(维修)制度探析

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快,国际经贸往来的频繁和经济增长的追求,统一大市场的构建越来越被重视。在统一大市场下,各国汽车制造业的竞争愈发激烈,汽车的排放性能维护(维修)制度显得尤为重要。本文从有为政府和有效市场两个视角出发,对汽车排放性能维护制度的现状和问题进行探析,同时提出相应的政策建议,旨在推动统一大市场下汽车排放性能维护制度的进一步完善。

《住宅性能评定技术标准》即将推出

建设部标准定额司发布建标标函[2004]55号文，就国家标准《住宅性能评定技术标准》向各地征求意见。经过修订之后，新版国家标准将于明年初正式公布。这将是我国住宅性能认定领域的第1个国家标准。

Bending properties and fracture mechanism of C/C composites with high density preform

C/C composites with banded structure pyrocarbon were fabricated by fast chemical vapor infiltration（CVI）,with C3H6 as carbon source,N2 as carrier gas,and three-dimensional（3D） 12K PAN-based carbon fabric with high density of 0.94 g/cm3 as preform.Experimental results indicated that the fracture characteristics of C/C composites were closely related to the frequency of high-temperature treatment（HTT） at the break of CVI process.According to the load？displacement curves,C/C composites showed a pseudoplastic fracture after twice of HTT.After three times of HTT,load？displacement curves tended to be stable with a decreasing bending strength at 177.5 MPa.Delamination failure and intrastratal fiber fracture were observed at the cross-section of C/C composites by scanning electronic microscope.Because the content of pyrocarbon and fibers has a different distribution in layers,the C/C composites show different fracture characteristics at various regions,which leads to good toughness and bending strength.

基层政权的上访治理——从权力缺失、上访转型与治理策略互动的角度出发

目前,村庄发生原子化的现象,以前的长老统治和礼治秩序不复存在。同时,乡镇政权性质发生改变,从以前的"汲取型"政权变为当前的"悬浮型"政权。这些凸显了目前基层政权所存在的"权力缺失"现象,即在基层政权缺乏基础性权力、权力的权威性资源和配置性资源。另外,上述问题也凸显了当下上访的结构变迁,从"维权型"上访变为"谋利型"上访,从"依法上访"变为"以法上访"。这种权力缺失与上访的结构转型导致了上访治理策略的非常规化。在上访治理中,基层政权开始使用各种策略替代权力进行上访治理,上访治理成为一种"权力的私性运作";同时,基层政权也开始使用策略对现有权力进行"最大化",利用村庄资源与话语,重构自身在村庄中的制度性能力与权力的权威性资源,为上访治理进行铺垫。权力缺失、上访转型同上访治理策略之间的关系反映了目前的上访治理不能仅仅围绕治理本身,而应该重建国家在村庄中的存在,重建基层政权的基础性权力,同时,打破权力话语,重建基层政权的权威性资源,以应对目前的上访大潮。

SOFC temperature evaluation based on an adaptive fuzzy controller

The operating temperature of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is a very important parameter to be controlled, which impacts the performance of the SOFC due to thermal cycling. In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy control method based on an affine nonlinear temperature model is developed to control the temperature of the SOFC within a specified range. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate nonlinear functions in the SOFC system and an adaptive technique is employed to construct the controller. Compared with the traditional fuzzy and proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control, the simulation results show that the designed adaptive fuzzy control method performed much better. So it is feasible to build an adaptive fuzzy controller for temperature control of the SOFC.

Combined effects of Bi and Sb elements on microstructure,thermal and mechanical properties of Sn−0.7Ag−0.5Cu solder alloys

This research investigated the combined effects of addition of Bi and Sb elements on the microstructure,thermal properties,ultimate tensile strength,ductility,and hardness of Sn−0.7Ag−0.5Cu(SAC0705)solder alloys.The results indicated that the addition of Bi and Sb significantly reduced the undercooling of solders,refined theβ-Sn phase and extended the eutectic areas of the solders.Moreover,the formation of SbSn and Bi phases in the solder matrix affected the mechanical properties of the solder.With the addition of 3 wt.%Bi and 3 wt.%Sb,the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the SAC0705 base alloy increased from 31.26 MPa and 15.07 HV to 63.15 MPa and 23.68 HV,respectively.Ductility decreased due to grain boundary strengthening,solid solution strengthening,and precipitation strengthening effects,and the change in the fracture mechanism of the solder alloys.

Strengthening pelletization of manganese ore fines containing high combined water by high pressure roll grinding and optimized temperature elevation system

Pelletization is one of useful processes for the agglomeration of iron ore or concentrates. However, manganese ore fines are mainly agglomerated by sintering due to its high combined water which adversely affects the roasting performance of pellets. In this work, high pressure roll grinding(HPRG) process and optimization of temperature elevation system were investigated to improve the strength of fired manganese ore pellets. It is shown that the manganese ore possesses good ballability after being pretreated by HPRG twice, and good green balls were produced under the conditions of blending 2.0% bentonite in the feed, balling for 7 min at 16.00% moisture. High quality roasted pellets with the compressive strength of 2711 N per pellet were manufactured through preheating at 1050 °C for 10 min and firing at 1335 °C for 15 min by controlling the cracks formation. The fired manganese pellets keep the strength by the solid interconnection of recrystallized pyrolusite grains and the binding of manganite liquid phase which filled the pores and clearance among minerals. The product pellets contain high Mn grade and low impurities, and can be used to smelt ferromanganese, which provides a possible way to use imported manganese ore fines containing high combined water to produce high value ferromanganese.

IMC-PID tuning method based on sensitivity specification for process with time-delay

To overcome the deficiencies addressed in the conventional PID control and improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the system, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of internal model control-PID （IMC-PID） controller was proposed for the first order plus time-delay （FOPTD） process and the second order plus time-delay （SOPTD） process. By approximating the time-delay term of the process model with the first-order Taylor series, the expressions for IMC-PID controller parameters were derived, and they had only one adjustable parameter 2 which was directly related to the dynamic performance and robustness of the system. Moreover, an analytical approach of selecting 2 was given based on the maximum sensitivity Ms. Then, the robust tuning of the system could be achieved according to the value of Ms. In addition, the proposed method could be extended to the integrator plus time-delay （IPTD） process and the first order delay integrating （FODI） process. Simulation studies were carried out on various processes with time-delay, and the results show that the proposed method could provide a better dynamic performance of both the set-point tracking and disturbance rejection and robustness against parameters perturbation.

Research on Flexible Flow⁃Shop Scheduling Problem with Lot Streaming in IOT⁃Based Manufacturing Environment

It is urgent to effectively improve the production efficiency in the running process of manufacturing systems through a new generation of information technology.According to the current growing trend of the internet of things(IOT)in the manufacturing industry,aiming at the capacitor manufacturing plant,a multi-level architecture oriented to IOT-based manufacturing environment is established for a flexible flow-shop scheduling system.Next,according to multi-source manufacturing information driven in the manufacturing execution process,a scheduling optimization model based on the lot-streaming strategy is proposed under the framework.An improved distribution estimation algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal solution of the problem by balancing local search and global search.Finally,experiments are carried out and the results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Enhanced mechanical properties of lamellar Cu/Al composites processed via high-temperature accumulative roll bonding

Cu/Al multilayers were produced by high-temperature accumulative roll bonding(ARB)methods up to three passes.To achieve a high bonding strength,prior to ARB processing,the Cu and Al sheets were heated to 350,400,450 and 500 ℃,respectively.The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests.The microstructure was examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry.The ultimate tensile stress,the grain size and the thickness of diffusion layer of lamellar composites increase with rolling temperature.When the rolling temperature is 400 ℃,the laminates show the highest ductility,but the yield stress is the lowest.As the rolling temperature further increases,both the yield stress and the ultimate tensile stress increase and the ductility decreases slightly.The mechanical properties of lamellar composites processed by low and high temperature ARB are determined by grain size and the thickness of diffusion layer,respectively.

Effect of TiC nanoparticle on friction and wear properties of TiC/AA2219 nanocomposites and its strengthening mechanism

TiC nanoparticles reinforced 2219 aluminum matrix composites were successfully prepared by ultrasonic casting, followed by forging and T6 heat treatment. The friction and wear properties of the disc-to-column were studied under four separate normal values of 5, 10, 20 and 30 N. The increasing hardness value of the nanocomposite may be attributed to the large amount of TiC(i.e., 1.3 wt.% and 1.7 wt.%) introduced to the composites. The friction coefficient of the nanocomposite decreased with the increase of TiC nanoparticles(0-1.7 wt.%) under the same load. But the wear resistance of the TiC/AA2219 nanocomposite increased by 30%-90% as compared to the 2219 matrix alloy. And it decreased with the increasing load. The composite with 0.9 wt.% TiC produced the best results in terms of friction and wear because of its relatively higher hardness and perfect ability to retain a transfer layer of a comparatively larger thickness. On the wear surface, some Al2O3particles were found which aided in the development of protective shear regions and improved the wear resistance. The wear mechanism for the TiC/AA2219 nanocomposite was a combination of adhesive and oxidative wear, with the composites containing hard TiC nanoparticles being mainly abrasive.

Preparation of Alumina Binder-Added PtSnNa/AlSBA-15 Catalyst for Propane Dehydrogenation

Abstract： The present article compares the propane dehydrogenation performance of alumina binder-added PtSnNa/ A1SBA-15 catalysts prepared via three different procedures in comparison with the performance of a binder-free PtSnNa/ AISBA-15 catalyst. All these catalysts have been investigated by reaction tests and some physico-chemical characterizations such as BET, H2 chemisorption, catalytic grain crushing strength, NHa-TPD and TPO analyses. Test results showed that the addition of alumina binder could enhance the mechanical strength of catalyst evidently. Moreover, the different preparation procedures not only modified the characteristics of both acid and metal functions but also affected the coke deposition on the catalysts. Among these catalysts studied, the catalyst prepared by impregnation followed by the agglomeration of alumi- na binder had exhibited the highest catalytic activity and stability compared with other catalyst samples undergoing different preparation procedures. The possible reason may be attributed to the highest metallic dispersion and the strong interactions among Pt, Sn and the support.