世界技能大赛管道与制暖项目的管道工职业培训包开发

本文针对当前管道工社会培训存在的不足,借鉴培训包的思路和理念,基于世界技能大赛管道与制暖项目成果转化对管道工职业培训包进行开发和实践,以期为管道工培训提供培训教学标准、行为指南、学习资源等,进而为国家层面的职业培训包的开发提供参照,也为世界技能大赛其他项目培训包资源开发提供路径及模式参考。

新能源汽车暖风分段制热控制系统

暖风空调的性能直接影响电动客车的动力性、舒适性及续航里程。为了对锂电池冷却水、电机冷却水余热及正温度系数(PTC)热敏电阻加热器加热进行综合管理,该文设计了一种基于多种制暖并存分阶段联合控制式纯电动客车暖风空调系统,提出了在-25~25℃之间,不同温度,分阶段空调制热的系统控制模式。通过分析电动客车空调室的热负荷,建立空调系统数学模型,运用模糊神经网络算法进行控制,并对装有该暖风空调系统的客车进行了低温试验。结果表明:该空调运行良好,能够满足人体的热舒适性评价指标,达到了人群热舒适性温度22.1~27.4℃的范围。

冬季浴室中空气制暖和地面热辐射并用时的冷热感和舒适感

探讨改善冬季浴室温热环境的取暖方法,通过在空气制暖和地面热辐射同时作用下的被验者实验,分析浴室环境的热特性,比较被验者的冷热感、舒适感,分析不同取暖条件下的人体反应,探索冷热感不“冷”、舒适感“舒适”的适当取暖条件.阐明在适当的地面热辐射下,人体脚底部冷热感被改善的程度.

节能环保技术在暖通空调系统中的巧妙应用之处

就近几年的人们生活水平的稳步提升,使得对于相关的生活硬件有了节能方面的进一步要求,首当其冲的就要说空调的节能开发工作,现在的空调节能领域已经成为现在科研研究的重点项目之一,为了保证民众的生活更加舒适便利,这方面的开发速度也在不断提升。空调的适用范围也在不断的普及,各大商场、民用家、宾馆客栈、办公室等等公共私人场所,对于空调的需求越来越高。对于空调的要求不仅仅局限在制冷方面,更是延伸到对于制暖功能的健康型环保性上,其中的设计理念也在随着市场的要求不断改变着,在此笔者针对空调节能制暖的未来发展趋势提出一些自己的建议。

基于CFD的某商用车空调风道研究及优化

基于CFD对某商用车空调风道进行了优化设计,旨在提高其性能和舒适度。通过建立数值模型并对除霜、除雾、制暖、制冷等四个模式进行仿真分析,发现原风道除霜除雾效果不满足设计要求,制暖制冷风道各出风口存在风量差异大、气流流动方向不合理等问题,影响了车内舒适度。针对这些问题,本文根据风道内部流线得出气流流动方向,提出了一系列优化措施,包括增加导流板、倒圆角、调整导流板位置和调整出风口角度等。经过优化后的风道使得空调性能得到了较大的改善,仿真结果显示除霜除雾效果满足国标要求,各出风口的风量均匀性有明显的提升,并有效地提高了车内舒适度,为后续风道开发提供了依据。

汽车余热综合利用系统的研究

根据现有汽车空调系统、冷却水和尾气排放系统的结构特点,结合溴化锂吸收式制冷的工作原理,提出了将汽车排气管、冷却水箱、发动机缸套进行简单改造,充分利用汽车余热进行制冷、制热和启动预热的方案,并应用热力学和传热学的基本理论进行了热力计算和相关换热设备传热面积的计算。计算结果表明:汽车余热完全能能满足汽车内部制冷和供暖的要求,提高了汽车能量利用效率,减少了油耗,降低了噪声,并且改造后换热器的面积都比较小,结构紧凑。

汽车尾气余热再利用技术探讨及应用

发动机排气管路加装热交换器是利用发动机尾气释放的热量对冷却介质进行再加热、升温，实现节油、环保的目的。同时可延长发动机使用寿命，提升风窗除霜及车厢取暖效果，间接取得降噪功效。此项改进技术在我国寒冷区域具有良好推广价值。

职业技能大赛成果转化与专业建设相融合的实践探索

本文基于北京市城市管理高级技术学校(以下简称学校)的实践,通过对职业技能大赛管道与制暖项目与课程开发、教学研发、实训基地建设、人才培养、校企合作等方面相融合的分析,阐述职业技能大赛成果转化与专业建设紧密结合的实践过程,探索职业技能大赛成果转化的实现路径。

热泵技术的发展与应用

热泵作为新生代中央空调,与之前以碳为主要能源供给的空调相比,在节约能源和环境保护方面有更大的优势.在生态文明建设的时代背景下,热泵必将取代传统形式的空调成为各个领域在空气调节和采暖方面的首要选择.本文对热泵的工作原理,种类以及发展和应用前景进行了简要分析,并对其未来前景做出展望.

矿井瓦斯综合利用系统在耿村煤矿的应用

介绍了耿村煤矿基于瓦斯抽放系统创建的由瓦斯发电、瓦斯制暖和瓦斯制冷组成的瓦斯综合利用系统,并分析了该系统所产生的经济和社会效益。

Contribution of Mass Elevation Effect to the Altitudinal Distribution of Global Treelines

Alpine treeline, as a prominent ecological boundary between forested mountain slopes and alpine meadow/shrub, is highly complex in altitudinal distribution and sensitive to warming climate. Great efforts have been made to explore their distribution patterns and ecological mechanisms that determine these patterns for more than 100 years, and quite a number of geographical and ecophysiological models have been developed to correlate treeline altitude with latitude or a latitude related temperature. However,on a global scale, all of these models have great difficulties to accurately predict treeline elevation due to the extreme diversity of treeline site conditions.One of the major reasons is that "mass elevation effect"(MEE) has not been quantified globally and related with global treeline elevations although it has been observed and its effect on treeline elevations in the Eurasian continent and Northern Hemisphere recognized. In this study, we collected and compiled a total of 594 treeline sites all over the world from literatures, and explored how MEE affects globaltreeline elevation by developing a ternary linear regression model with intra-mountain base elevation(IMBE, as a proxy of MEE), latitude and continentality as independent variables. The results indicated that IMBE, latitude and continentality together could explain 92% of global treeline elevation variability, and that IMBE contributes the most(52.2%), latitude the second(40%) and continentality the least(7.8%) to the altitudinal distribution of global treelines. In the Northern Hemisphere, the three factors' contributions amount to 50.4%, 45.9% and 3.7% respectively; in the south hemisphere, their contributions are 38.3%, 53%, and 8.7%, respectively. This indicates that MEE, virtually the heating effect of macro-landforms, is actually the most significant factor for the altitudinal distribution of treelines across the globe, and that latitude is relatively more significant for treeline elevation in the Southern Hemisphere probably due to fewer macro-landforms there.

Debates on the Causes of Global Warming

The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC(NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are reviewed.IPCC holds that today's global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than natural variability,which is emphasized by NIPCC.The surface temperature observations since the mid-20th century support the hypothesis of anthropogenic impact,but for the last one hundred years or so,natural forcings such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions and thermohaline circulation variations also have had great influences on the Earth's climate,especially on inter-decadal timescales.In addition,evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period(MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are closely associated with the solar activity over the past 1 thousand years.Over the past 10 thousand years, the North Atlantic cold events and solar activity are closely correlated.Nevertheless,the physical mechanisms of the solar-climate variability and interrelation are not well understood,yet.Notably,a prevailing view recently indicates that galactic cosmic rays may result in climatic cooling through modulating global low cloud cover.However,its process and mechanism need to be further investigated.

Mechanisms for the hiatus in global warming

The observed global mean temperature is the highest on record for the past decade but has plateaued to form an apparent"hiatus"in global temperature rise,with an almost zero short-term trend. Several speakers presented results on the hiatus and suggested possible mechanisms.

Dynamic mechanism of interannual zonal displacements of the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool

The eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） in the upper layer （shallower than 50m） exhibits significant zonal displacements on interannual scale. Employing an intermediate ocean model, the dynamic mechanism for the interannual zonal displacement of the WPWP eastern edge in the upper layer is investigated by diagnosing the dynamic impacts of zonal current anomalies induced by wind, waves （Kelvin and Rossby waves）, and their boundary reflections. The interannual zonal displacements of the WPWP eastern edge in the upper layer and the zonal current anomaly in the equatorial Pacific west of ll0~W for more than 30 years can be well simulated. The modeling results show that zonal current anomalies in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific are the dominant dynamic mechanism for the zonal displacements of the eastern edge of the upper WPWP warm water. Composite analyses suggest that the zonal current anomalies induced by waves dominate the zonal displacement of the WPWP eastern edge, whereas the role played by zonal wind-driven current anomalies is very small. A sensitivity test proves that the zonal current anomalies associated with reflected waves on the western and eastern Pacific boundaries can act as a restoring force that results in the interannual reciprocating zonal motion of the WPWP eastern edge.

Warmer-Get-Wetter or Wet-Get-Wetter? A Criterion to Classify Oceanic Precipitation

In this study,the temporal and spatial variations of observed global oceanic precipitation during 1979-2010 are investigated.It is found that the global trend in precipitation during this period varies at a rate of 1.5％/K of surface warming while the rate is 6.6％/K during 2006-2010.The precipitation is highly correlated with Sea Surface Temperature （SST） in both the temporal and the spatial patterns since the strong 1997-98 E1 Ni（n）o event.Considering the distributions of precipitation and SST,seven oceanic regions are classified and presented using the observed Global Precipitation Climatology Project （GPCP） data and Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperatures,version 3 （ERSST.v3） data.Further examining the mechanisms of the classified oceanic precipitation regions is conducted using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite,GFDL-ESM-2G model precipitation and SST data and Hadley Center sea ice and SST version 1 （HadISST1） data.More than 85％ of global oceanic precipitations are controlled by either one or both of the warmer-get-wetter mechanism and wet-get-wetter mechanism.It is estimated that a 0.5 SST signal-to-noise ratio,representing the trend of SST time series to the standard deviation,is a criterion to distinguish the mechanism of a region.When the SST ratio is larger than 0.5,the precipitation of this region is controlled by the warmer-get-wetter mechanism.SST,rather than the humidity,is the pivotal factor.On the other hand,when the SST ratio is less than 0.5,the precipitation is controlled by the wet-get-wetter mechanism.The SST variability is a significant factor contributing to the precipitation variation.

The Two Main Mechanisms of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood in Tibet,China

With the global warming,the disasters of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF) have taken place frequently in Tibet in recent years and attracted more and more attention.A systematic survey was conducted on the 19 GLOFs in Tibet to study their two main mechanisms.Investigations indicated that all the events occurred in end-moraine lakes,and the outburst occurred partially and instantly.And the breach had the shape of an arc or a trapezoid in overflow outburst and its top width was 3-5 times more than the height.The two main mechanisms of GLOFs in Tibetan end-moraine Lake were overflow and piping,and the overflow mechanism caused by iceberg collapse was dominated in most cases.A formula was proposed to calculate the critical thickness of iceberg tongue that determines the collapse.Granular analysis of the moraine materials revealed that seepage deformation is crucial in the outburst process.Finally,we conducted a case study of the Guangxiecuo Lake to show its possible process of outburst and estimated the peak discharge of the resulted flood.

Seasonal variation of the Taiwan Warm Current Water and its underlying mechanism

Based on the historical observed data and the modeling results,this paper investigated the seasonal variations in the Taiwan Warm Current Water(TWCW)using a cluster analysis method and examined the contributions of the Kuroshio onshore intrusion and the Taiwan Strait Warm Current(TSWC)to the TWCW on seasonal time scales.The TWCW has obviously seasonal variation in its horizontal distribution,T-S characteristics and volume.The volume of TWCW is maximum(13746 km^3)in winter and minimum(11397 km^3)in autumn.As to the contributions to the TWCW,the TSWC is greatest in summer and smallest in winter,while the Kuroshio onshore intrusion northeast of Taiwan Island is strongest in winter and weakest in summer.By comparison,the Kuroshio onshore intrusion make greater contributions to the Taiwan Warm Current Surface Water(TWCSW)than the TSWC for most of the year,except for in the summertime(from June to August),while the Kuroshio Subsurface Water(KSSW)dominate the Taiwan Warm Current Deep Water(TWCDW).The analysis results demonstrate that the local monsoon winds is the dominant factor controlling the seasonal variation in the TWCW volume via Ekman dynamics,while the surface heat fl ux can play a secondary role via the joint ef fect of baroclinicity and relief.

Effect of perceived control on human thermal comfort in heated environments

To study the effects of perceived control on human thermal sensation and thermal comfort in heated environments,a psychological experiment was conducted.In total,24 subjects participated in an experiment.The experiment consisted of two cases in which the indoor temperature was set at 18℃ with different cold radiation temperatures.The experiment lasted for 120 min and was divided into three phases,adaptation,without perceived control and perceived control.In the second phase,the subjects were told in advance that the indoor temperature could not be adjusted.In the third phase,subjects were told that they could adjust the indoor temperature to meet their own thermal expectations,but the indoor temperature could not actually be changed.The results showed that the effect of perceived control on thermal sensation was related to the thermal expectation.For people with strong expectations for a neutral environment,perceived control improved their thermal sensation by satisfying their thermal expectations.For people with low thermal expectations,perceived control reduced their thermal tolerance to the environment,eventually leading to thermal discomfort.These new findings provide more supports for the importance of psychological effects and a reference for the personal control of heating temperatures.

A Study on the Evaluation of Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings for Climatic Zones of Turkey

In Turkey, most of the common type projects of mass production residential buildings are being developed and constructed by TOK1 （Housing Development Administration of Turkey）. These buildings, in which energy efficient approach has been disregarded for years, cause to gradually increase on heating and cooling energy consumptions. In regards to national economics, it is essential to evaluate energy efficiency and to develop suggestions to decrease energy consumptions in residential buildings. To achieve appropriate solutions, cost evaluation also becomes necessary. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a study which serves the purpose of producing a choice of energy efficient solutions in order to reduce energy consumptions and energy cost. In this study, different heating and cooling energy efficient scenarios have been developed for a selected residential building, constructed by TOKI, for climatic zones of Turkey. For each scenario, energy simulations have been executed by means of the simulation program--DesignBuilder, the user-friendly visual interface of EnergyPlus, and cost analysis has been carried out by using the net present value and discounted payback period method. As a result, energy and cost effective solutions have been presented and discussed for different climatic zones.