腐钠陶土煤球制气条件探讨

我国目前以山西无烟煤为原料的小氮厂占70％左右，企业生产面临的最大困难莫过于原料块煤的紧缺。我公司地处黑龙江省七台河地区的无烟煤产地，块煤与粉煤的吨差价200元左右，2003年4月，公司利用原石灰碳化煤球生产线，加以部分改造，生产腐钠煤球，经过近两年多的实践应用，已取得了实质性的成功。目前，我公司造气原料已由腐钠陶土煤球完全取代了石灰碳化煤球和部分取代了无烟煤块，采用100％全烧方式，同时加以造气工段的配套设备改造，半水煤气产量与合成氨产量显著提高，合成氨和尿素成本大幅度降低，给企业带来了巨大的经济效益，在原料路线改造上迈出了战略性的一步。

CO_2吸收增强气化制备氨合成原料气的可行性

以煤和低浓度煤层气共气化制备氨合成原料气,煤层气提供合成所需的氮组分,从而取消常规制气的补氮过程或替代空气气化;采用CO2吸收增强制气,在造气工段制得φ(H2)/φ(N2)=3,φ(CO2+CO)≤0.30%,φ(H2)≥70%的粗煤气,可直接进入醇烷化或醇烃化精制岗位.为论证系统的可行性和适宜操作条件,采用热力学平衡模型分析煤气组分随制气反应条件变化的规律,提出可一步制得φ(H2)/φ(N2)=3,φ(CO2+CO)≤0.30%,φ(H2)≥70%的制气反应条件和煤层气流量;根据煤层气温度、压力与爆炸极限的关系,确定催化转化/脱氧反应器的操作参数.结果表明,以合成原料气组分衡量,基于CO2吸收增强气化的煤和低浓度煤层气制气方法可行,且有利于简化调比和气体净化过程.

基于CO_2吸收增强气化的氨电联产操作条件分析

本文以煤和低浓度煤层气为原料,采用CO_2吸收增强气化,在造气工段制得φ(H_2)/φ(N_2)=3、φ(CO_2+CO)≤0.30%的粗煤气,直接进入气体精制岗位,并取消常规制气的补氮过程或替代空气气化;采用单元建模和流程模拟的方法对系统可行性和适宜操作条件进行分析;预报煤和煤层气共气化的产物分布,提出满足精制岗位进口气体品质要求的制气温度、压力、水煤比、钙煤比和煤气流量等参数;分析循环倍率对合成氨产量、系统净输出功等参数的影响,得到实现系统能量自平衡、且合成氨能耗最低的循环倍率。理论分析表明,该流程可用于合成气制备及氨电联产。

A force transfer mechanism for triggering landslides during rainfall infiltration

Shallow slope failures induced by rainfall infiltration occur frequently, and the relevant triggering mechanisms have been widely studied.Rainfall-induced landslides are widely recognized to be caused by increases in soil weight, seepage force and pore water pressure or decreases in soil mechanical properties. However, even when all these factors are considered, some landslides still cannot be explained well. The increased pore water pressure in a slope reduces the effective stress of the soil and may trigger slope failure. Similarly, the pore gas pressure in a slope also reduces the effective stress of the soil but has been neglected in previous studies. As the viscosity of air is nearly negligible when compared with that of water, the pore gas pressure spreads faster, and its influence is wider, which is harmful for the stability of the slope. In this paper, the effects of pore gas pressure are considered in a shallow slope stability analysis, and a self-designed experiment is conducted to validate the force transfer mechanism.Numerical simulation results show that the pore gas pressure in the slope increases sharply at different locations under heavy rainfall conditions and that the pore gas pressure causes a rapid decrease in the slope safety factor. Laboratory experimental results show that the pore gas pressure throughout the whole unsaturated zone has the same value, which indicates that the gas pressure could spread quickly to the whole sample.

Degradation of lignite model compounds by the action of white rot fungi

Three compounds modeled on the lignite structure were chosen for experimental degradation by different fungi strains. Culture conditions and extracellular enzyme activities were optimized. The growth curves of the strains were determined to study mycelium dry weight and protein content changes. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were used to detect changes of functional groups before and after the action of the fungi on the model compounds. Possible decomposition products and degrada-tion mechanisms were proposed. The research findings show that C. Versicolor and Golden Mushroom can grow in presence of the model compounds. The optimum culture conditions were a pH of 6.0, a carbon-nitrogen ratio of five and a Tween-80 concentration of 0.1%. Newly produced substances were found by gas chromatography. Infrared analysis showed that the model compounds degraded under the action of the microorganisms.

Determination of Internal Controls for Quantitative Gene Expression of Isochrysis zhangjiangensis at Nitrogen Stress Condition

lsochrysis zhangfiangensis is a potential marine microalga for biodiesel production, which accumulates lipid under ni- trogen limitation conditions, but the mechanism on molecular level is veiled. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） provides the possibility to investigate the gene expression levels, and a valid reference for data normalization is an essential prerequisite for firing up the analysis. In this study, five housekeeping genes, actin （ACT）, α-tubulin （TUA）, β-tubulin （TUB）, ubiquitin （UBI）, 18S rRNA （18S） and one target gene, diacylglycerol acyltransferase （DGAT）, were used for determining the reference. By analyzing the stabilities based on calculation of the stability index and on operating the two types of software, geNorm and bestkeeper, it showed that the reference genes widely used in higher plant and microalgae, such as UBI, TUA and 18S, were not the most stable ones in nitrogen-stressed 1. zhangjiangensis, and thus are not suitable for exploring the mRNA expression levels under these experi- mental conditions. Our results show that ACT together with TUB is the most feasible internal control for investigating gene expres- sion under nitrogen-stressed conditions. Our findings will contribute not only to future qPCR studies of/. zhangfiangensis, but also to verification of comparative transcriptomics studies of the microalgae under similar conditions.

Comparison between Conventional and Improved Gas Engine-Driven VRF under Same Climate Conditions

This paper reports the on-site performance evaluation of conventional and improved gas engine-driven VRF （variable refrigerant flow） units and （abbreviated as GHP） units. The study aims to elucidate two actual GHP units by using the probe insertion method. There is a tendency to decrease energy efficiency compared to a high loading factor. GHP operation was almost all part load operation. This on-site evaluation indicates a clear difference between conventional and improved GHP.

Oxygen sufficiency controls TOP mRNA translation via the TSC-Rheb-mTOR pathway in a 4E-BP-independent manner

Cells encountering hypoxic stress conserve resources and energy by downregulating the protein synthesis. Here we demonstrate that one mechanism in this response is the translational repression of TOP mRNAs that encode components of the translational apparatus. This mode of regulation involves TSC and Rheb, as knockout of TSC1 or TSC2 or overexpression of Rheb rescued TOP mRNA translation in oxygen-deprived celts. Stress-induced translational repression of these mRNAs closely correlates with the hypophosphorylated state of 4E-BP, a translational repressor. However, a series of 4E-BP loss- and gain-of-function experiments disprove a cause-and- effect relationship between the phosphorylation status of 4E-BP and the translational repression of TOP mRNAs under oxygen or growth factor deprivation. Furthermore, the repressive effect of anoxia is similar to that attained by the very efficient inhibition of mTOR activity by Torin 1, but much more pronounced than roptor or rictor knockouL Likewise, deficiency of raptor or rictor, even though it mildly downregulated basal translation efficiency of TOP mRNAs, failed to suppress the oxygen-mediated translational activation of TOP mRNAs. Finally, co-knockdown of TIA-1 and TIAR, two RNA-binding proteins previously implicated in translational repression of TOP mRNAs in amino acid-starved cells, failed to relieve TOP mRNA translation under other stress conditions. Thus, the nature of the proximal translational regulator of TOP m RNAs remains elusive.

Efficient coordinated control of regenerative braking with pneumatic anti-lock braking for hybrid electric vehicle

Urban bus has to start and stop frequently due to typical urban traffic conditions,which,however,can be put to good use by