Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising...Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising of creatinine is too late for detection of allograft injury. Kidney biopsy, the gold standard for KT monitoring, is invasive and may lead to complications. Many biomarkers have been discovered for direct monitoring of the immune system in KT and the beneft of some biomarkers has reached clinical level. In order to use biomarkers for KT monitoring, physicians have to understand the biology including kinetics of each marker. This can guide biomarker selection for specific condition. Herein, we summarize the recent fndings of donor specifc anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody, B lymphocyte stimulator, interferon-gamma induced protein of 10 kDa, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate monitoring, all of which have very strong evidence support for the clinical use in KT.展开更多
The electrochemical behavior of N,N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline was carried out using SWV （square wave voltammetric） at HMDE. A well defined reduction peak was observed at （-0.214） volt versus the reference electro...The electrochemical behavior of N,N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline was carried out using SWV （square wave voltammetric） at HMDE. A well defined reduction peak was observed at （-0.214） volt versus the reference electrode （Ag/AgC1/sat. KCI）, calibration curve was constructed in phosphate buffer （pH = 7.0）, the relationship is linear within the concentration range 1.283 × 10.5 M - 3.66 × 10.5 M with the correlation （R = 0.9923）. The serial addition ofCPM （chlorpheniramine maleate） leads to the decrease in the reduction current peak （Ip）, quantitatively, the plot of Alp （Ip - Ip） where, Ip： Peak current of N, N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline alone, lp： peak current of N,N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline in the presence of CPM, versus concentration is linear within the concentration range 0.984 × 10-6 M - 9.756 × 10-6 M, the correlation coefficient was 0.9954. The method was successfully applied to determine CPM in different types of pharmaceutical formulations, and compared with standard method from British Pharmacopeia [1].展开更多
The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and ...The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and IR.“One pot”method was used in methoxylation and methylation for economical and convenient consideration. The mechanism for the methoxylation of 2,6 dibromo 4 methylphenol was discussed.展开更多
This multiple-case study examined factors that could contribute to a richer understanding of top managers＇ perceptions on maintaining high-performance teams in Pharma R＆D. In addition, this multiple-case study inves...This multiple-case study examined factors that could contribute to a richer understanding of top managers＇ perceptions on maintaining high-performance teams in Pharma R＆D. In addition, this multiple-case study investigated top managers＇ perceptions of building opportunity-based entrepreneurial culture in organizations during strategic change, considered as a critical factor for organizations during change, the results of which can be used to guide management in preventing destructive actions of business non-loyalty. Following, this multiple-case study examined the management of change within the corporate entrepreneurship literature as a means of helping organizations improve practical intelligence of defining growth goals and new enterprise growth management processes and procedures, including those relevant to change, the way they function, and formal and informal rules protecting adequacy of governance arrangements as well as the organizational culture. Participant responses to the interview question regarding capability to maintain high-performing teams resulted in themes regarding role of leadership in risk management approach, leadership development challenges, trust and commitment in inter-fLrm relationships, as being the top managers＇ perceptions and the attitudes in outsourcing R＆D industry sector since the enactment of the strategic change.展开更多
Objective Study of bupropion hydrochloride gel matrix sustained release tablet and the preparation method, test the skeleton material of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose influencing drug release for evaluation, explore ...Objective Study of bupropion hydrochloride gel matrix sustained release tablet and the preparation method, test the skeleton material of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose influencing drug release for evaluation, explore the preparation of sustained release tablets of optimization method. Method With hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as skeleton material, according to the different prescription preparation of bupmpion hydrochloride sustained release tablets. Different HPMC viscosity, Consumption, particle size, compression pressure and slurry rotational speed and other factors, analysis the influence on drug release rate.Through the release of test evaluation of sustained release effect, and the preliminary study on the drug release characteristic. With hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose （ HPMC ） as skeleton material, with citric acid citrate as a porogenic agent, direct powder tabletting method of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets; by using single factor and orthogonal experiment method to investigate HPMC different viscosity, different Consumption, different particle size, different compression pressure, different pulp rotational speed and other factors on the release of delivery rate. Result Select HPMC-K100M for bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets of the skeleton materials; reinforcing materials of high viscosity HPMC K100M and main drug quality ratio of 1： 1; HPMC particle diameter of 125p m, make use of these conditions to preparation of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets for optimal prescription conditions. Conclusion bupropion hydroehloride sustained release tablets on the drug release rate is mainly affected by HPMC viscosity and dosage effect. Along with the tablet of HPMC viscosity increased, the drug is released slowly. HPMC viscosity, dosage on the drug release rate has significant influence.展开更多
Differential electrolytic potentiometry （DEP） was coupled with Flow injection analysis （FIA） technique for the determination of Procainamide in pharmaceutical preparations. Platinum electrodes were used as an indi...Differential electrolytic potentiometry （DEP） was coupled with Flow injection analysis （FIA） technique for the determination of Procainamide in pharmaceutical preparations. Platinum electrodes were used as an indicating system to follow the oxidation of Procainamide with cerium（IV）, and permanganate in an acidic medium. The oxidation reactions of Procainamide with Ce（IV） and/or permanganate are fast enough to permit its determination by flow injection in sulfuric acid media. The univariate method was employed to optimize the variables such as the current density, the flow rate, the oxidant concentration and the concentration of sulfuric acid. The proposed method was linear in the range 20-100 μg.mL^-1 , the DL and R2 values were 12 μg.mL^-1 and 0.995 respectively. The procedure was applied successfully to the determination of Procainamide in commercial tablets. The results of this study were favorably compared statistically with those obtained with official methods.展开更多
文摘Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising of creatinine is too late for detection of allograft injury. Kidney biopsy, the gold standard for KT monitoring, is invasive and may lead to complications. Many biomarkers have been discovered for direct monitoring of the immune system in KT and the beneft of some biomarkers has reached clinical level. In order to use biomarkers for KT monitoring, physicians have to understand the biology including kinetics of each marker. This can guide biomarker selection for specific condition. Herein, we summarize the recent fndings of donor specifc anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody, B lymphocyte stimulator, interferon-gamma induced protein of 10 kDa, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate monitoring, all of which have very strong evidence support for the clinical use in KT.
文摘The electrochemical behavior of N,N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline was carried out using SWV （square wave voltammetric） at HMDE. A well defined reduction peak was observed at （-0.214） volt versus the reference electrode （Ag/AgC1/sat. KCI）, calibration curve was constructed in phosphate buffer （pH = 7.0）, the relationship is linear within the concentration range 1.283 × 10.5 M - 3.66 × 10.5 M with the correlation （R = 0.9923）. The serial addition ofCPM （chlorpheniramine maleate） leads to the decrease in the reduction current peak （Ip）, quantitatively, the plot of Alp （Ip - Ip） where, Ip： Peak current of N, N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline alone, lp： peak current of N,N-diethyl-p-nitroso aniline in the presence of CPM, versus concentration is linear within the concentration range 0.984 × 10-6 M - 9.756 × 10-6 M, the correlation coefficient was 0.9954. The method was successfully applied to determine CPM in different types of pharmaceutical formulations, and compared with standard method from British Pharmacopeia [1].
文摘The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and IR.“One pot”method was used in methoxylation and methylation for economical and convenient consideration. The mechanism for the methoxylation of 2,6 dibromo 4 methylphenol was discussed.
文摘This multiple-case study examined factors that could contribute to a richer understanding of top managers＇ perceptions on maintaining high-performance teams in Pharma R＆D. In addition, this multiple-case study investigated top managers＇ perceptions of building opportunity-based entrepreneurial culture in organizations during strategic change, considered as a critical factor for organizations during change, the results of which can be used to guide management in preventing destructive actions of business non-loyalty. Following, this multiple-case study examined the management of change within the corporate entrepreneurship literature as a means of helping organizations improve practical intelligence of defining growth goals and new enterprise growth management processes and procedures, including those relevant to change, the way they function, and formal and informal rules protecting adequacy of governance arrangements as well as the organizational culture. Participant responses to the interview question regarding capability to maintain high-performing teams resulted in themes regarding role of leadership in risk management approach, leadership development challenges, trust and commitment in inter-fLrm relationships, as being the top managers＇ perceptions and the attitudes in outsourcing R＆D industry sector since the enactment of the strategic change.
文摘Objective Study of bupropion hydrochloride gel matrix sustained release tablet and the preparation method, test the skeleton material of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose influencing drug release for evaluation, explore the preparation of sustained release tablets of optimization method. Method With hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as skeleton material, according to the different prescription preparation of bupmpion hydrochloride sustained release tablets. Different HPMC viscosity, Consumption, particle size, compression pressure and slurry rotational speed and other factors, analysis the influence on drug release rate.Through the release of test evaluation of sustained release effect, and the preliminary study on the drug release characteristic. With hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose （ HPMC ） as skeleton material, with citric acid citrate as a porogenic agent, direct powder tabletting method of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets; by using single factor and orthogonal experiment method to investigate HPMC different viscosity, different Consumption, different particle size, different compression pressure, different pulp rotational speed and other factors on the release of delivery rate. Result Select HPMC-K100M for bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets of the skeleton materials; reinforcing materials of high viscosity HPMC K100M and main drug quality ratio of 1： 1; HPMC particle diameter of 125p m, make use of these conditions to preparation of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets for optimal prescription conditions. Conclusion bupropion hydroehloride sustained release tablets on the drug release rate is mainly affected by HPMC viscosity and dosage effect. Along with the tablet of HPMC viscosity increased, the drug is released slowly. HPMC viscosity, dosage on the drug release rate has significant influence.
文摘Differential electrolytic potentiometry （DEP） was coupled with Flow injection analysis （FIA） technique for the determination of Procainamide in pharmaceutical preparations. Platinum electrodes were used as an indicating system to follow the oxidation of Procainamide with cerium（IV）, and permanganate in an acidic medium. The oxidation reactions of Procainamide with Ce（IV） and/or permanganate are fast enough to permit its determination by flow injection in sulfuric acid media. The univariate method was employed to optimize the variables such as the current density, the flow rate, the oxidant concentration and the concentration of sulfuric acid. The proposed method was linear in the range 20-100 μg.mL^-1 , the DL and R2 values were 12 μg.mL^-1 and 0.995 respectively. The procedure was applied successfully to the determination of Procainamide in commercial tablets. The results of this study were favorably compared statistically with those obtained with official methods.
