This paper aims at presenting the guidelines for an urban regeneration strategy in Lisbon, having in account the principles of urbanity, density, livability and social and territorial cohesion. The case study will be ...This paper aims at presenting the guidelines for an urban regeneration strategy in Lisbon, having in account the principles of urbanity, density, livability and social and territorial cohesion. The case study will be Avenidas Novas district, in Lisbon, Portugal, as it is a paradigmatic example of a central area which coexists with dynamism and decadence. The development model for Avenidas Novas was inspired on French boulevards and was planned to be the modem face of a medium to high social class population, as it was until 1940s. Today, as a consequence of further developments which corrupted the first principles and concept, its urban fabric is becoming less coherent and adequate to the needs of the population who works and lives there. From an analysis to the various components of the urban fabric, the paper will identify the major problems that are happening on the site, related to accessibility, mobility and functional diversity. Once understanding the impacts of an unsustainable territory management and urban design, the goal is to develop the principles for a creative urban regeneration strategy for Avenidas Novas district. The study will be based on the theoretical issues of the compact city and walkable distances in order to develop quantifying parameters of urban quality and to promote human scale public spaces and territorial cohesion on an urban environment.展开更多
China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income dis...China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.展开更多
The bilevel programming is applied to solve hierarchical intelligence control problems in such fields as industry, agriculture, transportation, military, and so on. This paper presents a quadratic objective penalty fu...The bilevel programming is applied to solve hierarchical intelligence control problems in such fields as industry, agriculture, transportation, military, and so on. This paper presents a quadratic objective penalty function with two penalty parameters for inequality constrained bilevel programming. Under some conditions, the optimal solution to the bilevel programming defined by the quadratic objective penalty function is proved to be an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming. Moreover, based on the quadratic objective penalty function, an algorithm is developed to l^nd an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming, and its convergence proved under some conditions. Furthermore, under the assumption of convexity at function without lower level problems is defined and lower level problems, a quadratic objective penalty is proved equal to the original bilevel programming.展开更多
In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship betwe...In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship between the central government and the localities under the system of prefectures and counties introduced in Qin and Han times. Any theory of state formation based solely on a four-tiered settlement hierarchy is limited; it fails to explain the essential question of whether a state has come into being, and thus cannot be regarded as a criterion for judgment. It is true that in integrating settlement archaeology with social morphology in research on the origins of the ancient state and civilization, we need to classify settlement hierarchies. At the same time, however, we still need to conduct extensive research into the appearance of prehistoric social organizations, hierarchies, strata and classes, as well as the evolution of the nature of power, etc. Therefore, it is the emergence of strata and classes and the establishment of a coercive power that stands over and above society that are the mostcharacteristic indicators of state formation. Further, we can provide archaeological grounds and materialized forms for this approach, which thus possesses operability.展开更多
This paper aims to look into the determination of effective area-average concentration and dispersion coefficient associated with unsteady flow through a small-diameter tube where a solute undergoes first-order chemic...This paper aims to look into the determination of effective area-average concentration and dispersion coefficient associated with unsteady flow through a small-diameter tube where a solute undergoes first-order chemical reaction both within the fluid and at the boundary. The reaction consists of a reversible component due to phase exchange between the flowing fluid and the wall layer, and an irreversible component due to absorption into the wall. To understand the dispersion, the governing equations along with the reactive boundary conditions are solved numerically using the Finite Difference Method. The resultant equation shows how the dispersion coefficient is influenced by the first-order chemical reaction. The effects of various dimensionless parameters e.g. Da （the Damkohler number）, a （phase partitioning number） and F （dimensionless absorption number） on dispersion are discussed. One of the results exposes that the dispersion coefficient may approach its steady-state limit in a short time at a high value of Damkohler number （say Da 〉 10） and a small but nonzero value of absorption rate （say P 〈0.5）.展开更多
文摘This paper aims at presenting the guidelines for an urban regeneration strategy in Lisbon, having in account the principles of urbanity, density, livability and social and territorial cohesion. The case study will be Avenidas Novas district, in Lisbon, Portugal, as it is a paradigmatic example of a central area which coexists with dynamism and decadence. The development model for Avenidas Novas was inspired on French boulevards and was planned to be the modem face of a medium to high social class population, as it was until 1940s. Today, as a consequence of further developments which corrupted the first principles and concept, its urban fabric is becoming less coherent and adequate to the needs of the population who works and lives there. From an analysis to the various components of the urban fabric, the paper will identify the major problems that are happening on the site, related to accessibility, mobility and functional diversity. Once understanding the impacts of an unsustainable territory management and urban design, the goal is to develop the principles for a creative urban regeneration strategy for Avenidas Novas district. The study will be based on the theoretical issues of the compact city and walkable distances in order to develop quantifying parameters of urban quality and to promote human scale public spaces and territorial cohesion on an urban environment.
文摘China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11271329 and 10971193
文摘The bilevel programming is applied to solve hierarchical intelligence control problems in such fields as industry, agriculture, transportation, military, and so on. This paper presents a quadratic objective penalty function with two penalty parameters for inequality constrained bilevel programming. Under some conditions, the optimal solution to the bilevel programming defined by the quadratic objective penalty function is proved to be an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming. Moreover, based on the quadratic objective penalty function, an algorithm is developed to l^nd an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming, and its convergence proved under some conditions. Furthermore, under the assumption of convexity at function without lower level problems is defined and lower level problems, a quadratic objective penalty is proved equal to the original bilevel programming.
文摘In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship between the central government and the localities under the system of prefectures and counties introduced in Qin and Han times. Any theory of state formation based solely on a four-tiered settlement hierarchy is limited; it fails to explain the essential question of whether a state has come into being, and thus cannot be regarded as a criterion for judgment. It is true that in integrating settlement archaeology with social morphology in research on the origins of the ancient state and civilization, we need to classify settlement hierarchies. At the same time, however, we still need to conduct extensive research into the appearance of prehistoric social organizations, hierarchies, strata and classes, as well as the evolution of the nature of power, etc. Therefore, it is the emergence of strata and classes and the establishment of a coercive power that stands over and above society that are the mostcharacteristic indicators of state formation. Further, we can provide archaeological grounds and materialized forms for this approach, which thus possesses operability.
文摘This paper aims to look into the determination of effective area-average concentration and dispersion coefficient associated with unsteady flow through a small-diameter tube where a solute undergoes first-order chemical reaction both within the fluid and at the boundary. The reaction consists of a reversible component due to phase exchange between the flowing fluid and the wall layer, and an irreversible component due to absorption into the wall. To understand the dispersion, the governing equations along with the reactive boundary conditions are solved numerically using the Finite Difference Method. The resultant equation shows how the dispersion coefficient is influenced by the first-order chemical reaction. The effects of various dimensionless parameters e.g. Da （the Damkohler number）, a （phase partitioning number） and F （dimensionless absorption number） on dispersion are discussed. One of the results exposes that the dispersion coefficient may approach its steady-state limit in a short time at a high value of Damkohler number （say Da 〉 10） and a small but nonzero value of absorption rate （say P 〈0.5）.
