不同刷牙压力对牙齿楔形缺损影响的体外研究

目的:观察不同刷牙压力下牙本质磨损情况,分析不同刷牙压力对牙齿楔形缺损形成的影响。方法:取人前磨牙40个,制成40个牙本质试样后,将其随机分为5组(n=8),并置于V型牙刷磨耗试验机上分别在90 g(F90)、110 g(F110)、130 g(F130)、150 g(F150)、170 g(F170)的压力下各磨刷10 000次;然后用三维形貌仪测量各组牙本质的磨损深度、磨损体积和磨耗面粗糙度(Ra),并作相关性分析。结果:5组磨刷压力造成的牙本质磨损深度、磨损体积和Ra均以F90组最低,由低到高依次为F90<F110<F130<F150<F170(P<0.01);相关性分析结果显示,Ra与磨损深度、体积均呈显著正相关性(r>0.7,P<0.01)。结论:随着磨刷压力的增大,造成的牙本质磨损量也相应增加,牙齿楔形缺损损害加重。

动磁式永磁无刷直流直线电机的齿槽力最小化

为提高永磁无刷直流直线电机的性能,必须研究减小其齿槽定位力(齿槽力)的技术措施。根据电磁弹射系统需要推进大质量载荷的要求,提出了1种大推力的动磁式永磁无刷直流直线电机模型。用有限元方法计算了磁极端部与定子齿槽相互作用形成的3种齿槽力分量,由傅里叶变换得到了各分量的功率谱。在对各分量进行频谱分析的基础上得出了产生齿槽力的主要原因是电机推力的二次谐波这一结论,提出了优化磁极宽度以减小齿槽力的方法。对优化设计后的电机模型进行了有限元计算和频谱分析,分析显示该电机模型推力的二次谐波已被大大削弱。计算了不同磁极宽度情况下的电机推力,结果表明采用该方法可以有效减小电机的推力波动。

几何参数对刷式密封泄漏和刷丝尖端力的影响

建立了一种刷式密封的切片式三维模型,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,计算了刷丝所受的气流力并将其简化为较少量的一系列的集中力.基于力矩平衡和线性叠加原理,提出了气流力引起的刷丝尖端力、转矩的一种定量计算方法.1台刷式密封实验台和1只实验刷环被用于相关理论计算的实验验证.基于上述理论计算,利用正交实验研究了刷丝长度、刷丝间隙、刷丝排数、安装角、刷丝直径和保护间隙对泄漏率、气流力、刷丝尖端力和转矩的影响.结果表明,总泄漏率及转矩的计算与实验结果基本吻合,各点误差均小于20%.刷丝直径、刷丝间隙、保护间隙及刷丝排数的对总泄漏率影响非常显著,安装角对转矩的影响非常显著.

Effect of Plant Roots on Penetrability and Anti-Scouri-bility of Red Soil Derived from Granite

Distribution of plant roots in a red soil derived from granite was investigated to study the effect of plantroots on intensifying soil penetrability and anti-scouribility by the double-cutting-ring and the undisturbedsoil-flume methods, respectively. The plant roots system consisting mostly of fibrils, < 1 mm in diameter,was mainly distributed in the upper surface soil 30 cm in depth. It can remarhably increase the penetrabilityand anti-scouribility of the red soil derived from granite. When the root density was > 0.35 root cm-2, theintensifying effect of roots on both the penetrability and the anti-scouribility could be described by exponentequations, △ Ks = 0.0021RD1.4826 (R2 = 0.9313) and △ As = 0.0003RD1.8478 (R2 = O.9619), where △ Ks isthe value of intensified soil penetrability, a As the value of intensified soil anti-scouribility and RD the rootdensity, especially in the top soils within 30 cm in depth where plant roots were conceotrated.

Metals Recovery from Fine Printed Circuit Boards Using Falcon SB Concentrator

Physical methods show great potential and advantages on comprehensive reutilization of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) because of lower investment and operation cost, higher efficiency and environment friendliness. However, metals contained in fine fraction of PCBs cannot be recovered effectively by conventional equipments such as high tension electrostatic separator or shaking table. In the paper, this conundrum was resolved successfully with the enhanced Falcon SB concentrator. The separation mechanism of Falcon SB concentrator was analyzed and main factors affecting separation efficiency such as magnitude of rotation frequency of bowl, water counter pressure and slurry concentration of feed were studied and interaction of factors above also were investigated using Design-Expert software. Experiment results show that complete liberation degree and great difference of density between metals and nonmetals are suitable to recover metals from -74 μm PCBs using enhanced Falcon SB concentrator and 80.77 % integration efficiency can be achieved when slurry concentration of feed is 40 g/L with the water counter pressure of 0.01 MPa and rotation frequency of 50 Hz.

Scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under combined action of service and extreme seismic loads

Foundation scour is an important cause for structural failure of sea-crossing bridges. Usually, the sea-crossing bridges operate under the harsh natural environment in which service wind, wave and vehicle loads are stronger and extreme loads such as earthquake, hurricane, and ship collision, are more frequent. As a result of the foundation scour,the dynamic behavior of bridge under different combined action of service and extreme loads may be further escalated.In particular, this work has investigated the scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under service wind, wave and vehicle loads as well as extreme seismic loads. The dynamic coupled earthquake-wind-wave-vehicle-bridge(EWWVB) system is established by considering the interactions within the system, and the p-y curve method is used to calculate the loaddisplacement relation of the pile and soil under various levels of foundation scour. After that, a case study has been performed on a cable-stayed bridge with foundation scour. The results indicate that the dynamic characteristics of bridge structure will change after considering bridge scour, and the dynamic responses of bridge and vehicle will be affected to different degrees under service and seismic loads considering bridge scour.

Measurement of the Waveguide Near-field Optical Spot

The characteristic of near-field spots is analyzed.The size of the near field and the heat response time of the hybrid record medium to overcome super paramagnetic effect are calculated based on the heat transfer theory. A novel measuring method for the diameter of near-field recording spot is also presented. Since the grain of the recording media is tiny enough,near-field optical lithography can be accomplished with the aid of atomic force microscope (AFM).The diameter of near-field recording spot can be obtained by specifically designed computer.So the relationship between the near-field recording spot diameter and the probe size of near-field recording system, the near field recording distance coupling between head and disc can be got.

CFD-DEM simulation of fluid-solid flow of a tapered column separation bed

Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at disposing the problem that fine particles of waste printed circuit boards cannot be separated efficiently so as to obtain further insight about the underlying mechanisms and demonstrate the separation feasibility in the tapered column separation bed.In this work,a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Method(DEM) model for two-phase flow has been extended to simulate the fluid-solid flow in the tapered column separation bed.Its validity is demonstrated by its successful capturing the key features of particles' flow pattern,velocity,the pressure distribution,the axial position with time and axial force for particles with different densities.Simulation results show that the plastic particles and resin particles become overflow,while copper particles,iron particles and aluminum particles successively become underflow,with a discharge water flow rate of 1 m^3/h,an obliquity of 30°.The simulated results agree reasonably well with the experimental observation.Using this equipment to separate waste PCBs is feasible,theoretically.

Bridge Pressure Flow Scour at Clear Water Threshold Condition

Bridge pressure flow scour at clear water threshold condition is studied theoretically and experimentally.The flume experiments reveal that the measured scour profiles under a bridge are more or less 2-dimensional;all the measured scour profiles can be described by two similarity equations,where the horizontal distance is scaled by the deck width while the local scour by the maximum scour depth;the maximum scour position is located just under the bridge about 15% deck width from the downstream deck edge;the scour begins at about one deck width upstream the bridge while the deposition occurs at about 2.5 deck widths downstream the bridge;and the maximum scour depth decreases with increas-ing sediment size,but increases with deck inundation.The theoretical analysis shows that:bridge scour can be divided into three cases,i.e.downstream unsubmerged,partially submerged,and totally submerged.For downstream unsubmerged flows,the maximum bridge scour depth is an open-channel problem where the conventional methods in terms of critical velocity or bed shear stress can be applied;for partially and totally submerged flows,the equilibrium maximum scour depth can be described by a scour and an inundation similarity number,which has been confirmed by experiments with two decks and two sediment sizes.For application,a design and field evaluation procedure with examples is presented,including the maximum scour depth and scour profile.

Pyrolysis kinetics and TG-FTIR analysis of waste epoxy printed circuit boards

Thermal decomposition of waste epoxy PCBs was performed in different atmospheres （nitrogen, argon, air and vacuum） at a heating rate of 10 ℃/rain by DSC-TGA, and the pyrolysis characteristic was analyzed. The gases volatilized from the experiment were qualitatively analyzed by TG-FTIR. Kinetics study shows that pyrolysis reaction takes place between 300 and 400℃, and the activation energies are 256, 212 and 186.2 kJ/mol in nitrogen, argon and vacuum, respectively. There are two mass-loss processes in the decomposition under air atmosphere. In the first mass-loss process, the decomposition is the main reaction, and in the second process, the oxidation is the main reaction. The activation energy of the second mass-loss process is 99.6 kJ/mol by isothermal heat-treatments. TG-FTIR analysis shows carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen bromide, phenol and substituent phenol are given off during the pyrolysis of waste epoxy PCBs.

Numerical Modeling of Local Scour Around Hydraulic Structure in Sandy Beds by Dynamic Mesh Method

Local scour, a non-negligible factor in hydraulic engineering, endangers the safety of hydraulic structures. In this work, a numerical model for simulating local scour was constructed, based on the open source code computational fluid dynamics model Open FOAM. We consider both the bedload and suspended load sediment transport in the scour model and adopt the dynamic mesh method to simulate the evolution of the bed elevation. We use the finite area method to project data between the three-dimensional flow model and the two-dimensional(2D) scour model. We also improved the 2D sand slide method and added it to the scour model to correct the bed bathymetry when the bed slope angle exceeds the angle of repose. Moreover, to validate our scour model, we conducted and compared the results of three experiments with those of the developed model. The validation results show that our developed model can reliably simulate local scour.

Parametric study on hydraulic performance of an inlet plenum in a printed-circuit heat exchanger

Hydraulic performance of an inlet plenum in a printed-circuit heat exchanger has been analyzed using three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical model of the inlet plenum was constructed through grid dependency test, calculation domain tests, and turbulence model and numerical scheme selections. Shear stress transport turbulence model was used for analysis of turbulence. Non-uniformity of the flow in zigzag flow channels was evaluated for the reference case. Parametric studies have been performed with the angle of the inlet plenum wall, radius of curvature of the inlet plenum wall, and width of the inlet pipes. The effects of these parameters on the flow uniformity and friction performance were evaluated.

Effects of submerged sheet pile vanes on mobile river beds

Submerged vanes are low-height flow-training structures emerging from the riverbed with a suitable angle of attack to the incoming flow. These structures redirect the stream flow and modify erosion and depositional rates in the bottom and in the banks of a river as a result of the secondary currents generated by their installation. For this reason they have many applica- tions in river hydraulics for controlling river bed morphology. An experimental investigation is carried out to compare the effi- ciency of sheet-piling vanes versus thin plane ones in controlling sediment redistribution in the channel bed. In particular, exper- imental tests were carried out within a straight water channel, in conditions of bed load motion. The morphology of the river bed both in the area close to the structure and in the far field was examined at different angles of attack of the vane to the incoming flow and at different values of the submergence parameter, which is the ratio between the height of the water above the structure and the water level. The experimental results show that both the shape of the vanes as well as the angle of attack affect their per- formance in terms of the effects on the bed morphology, especially for greater submergence parameters. Specifically, plane and sheet-piling vanes produce comparable remodelings of the channel bed in the downstream region, but when the attack angle is increased, the thin plane vane causes deeper scour holes close to the structure. This last effect is probably due to the increased erosive capacity of the horseshoe vortex associated with the plane vane, while the uneven surface of the sheet-piling vane miti- gates the erosive strength of that vortex.

Electropolishing of titanium alloy under hydrodynamic mode

Titanium(Ti) alloys are widely used in aerospace industry due to the low density and high corrosion resistance. However, machining and polishing remain great challenges because of the hardness and chemical stability. With a home-made electrochemical machining workstation, cyclic voltammetry is performed at a wide potential range of [0 V, 20 V] to record the details of passivation and depassivation processes under a hydrodynamic mode. The results show that the thickness of viscous layer formed on the alloy surface plays a crucial effect on the electropolishing quality. The technical parameters, including the mechanical motion rate, polishing time and electrode gap, are optimized to achieve a surface roughness less than 1.9 nm, which shows a prospective application in the electrochemical machining of Ti and it alloys.